]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. This attribute is usually asserted of objects or events insofar as they comply with some standard or rule. Typically, attributes of this type would be involved in three-way relations between an object or event and some standard. Something may have the attribute of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv7ugBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Compliant</a> with respect to one standard and be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwUGKZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonCompliant</a> with respect to another standard. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgiQZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">complianceStatus</a>. ComplianceStatusAttribute compliance status attribute This attribute is attributed to an object or event as a result of at least partially complying to some standard. Typically it is involved in a three way relation between itself, the status-holder and the standard according to which the status holds. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgiQZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">complianceStatus</a>. PartiallyCompliant partially compliant thing Compliant This attribute is attributed to an object or event insofar as it complies with some standard. Typically this attibute is involved in a three way relation between itself, the status-holder and the standard according to which the status holds. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgiQZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">complianceStatus</a>. compliant thing This attribute is attributed to an object or event as a result of violating some standard. Typically it is involved in a three way relation between itself, the status-holder and the standard according to which the status holds. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgiQZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">complianceStatus</a>. NonCompliant non compliant PartiallyNonCompliant This attribute is attributed to an object or event as a result of at least partial non-compliance to some standard. We would use this when compliance status would admit of degree. Typically it is involved in a three way relation between itself, the status-holder and the standard according to which the status holds. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgiQZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">complianceStatus</a>. partially non compliant This attribute is usually asserted of objects or events insofar as they comply with some standard or rule. Typically, attributes of this type would be involved in three-way relations between an object or event and some standard. Something may have the attribute of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv7ugBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Compliant</a> with respect to one standard and be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwUGKZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonCompliant</a> with respect to another standard. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgiQZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">complianceStatus</a>. ComplianceStatusAttribute compliance status attribute This attribute is usually asserted of objects or events insofar as they comply with some standard or rule. Typically, attributes of this type would be involved in three-way relations between an object or event and some standard. Something may have the attribute of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv7ugBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Compliant</a> with respect to one standard and be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwUGKZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonCompliant</a> with respect to another standard. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgiQZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">complianceStatus</a>. ComplianceStatusAttribute compliance status attribute A collection of collections of collections. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a> is the collection of all (and only) types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>s. More precisely, a thing COLLTYPE is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a> if and only if COLLTYPE is a non-empty collection all of whose instances are collections. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPzQbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByCulture</a>, each of whose instances is the collection of all persons who participate in some particular human culture, is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>. Important specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWPoRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DisjointCollectionType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rviPYH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionTypeType</a>. CollectionType type of collection type of thing Collection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all collections of things. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> is a kind or type of thing whose instances share a certain property, attribute, or feature. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> is the collection of all and only cats, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOckfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryFunction</a> is the collection of all and only functions taking two arguments. <p/> The notion of collection is fundamental to the Cyc ontology, and is thus difficult to define in a precise and substantive way. But it is instructive to compare it to the mathematical notion of a set (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a>). Like a set, a collection is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpJ-nSEkJQdeC8NLkYPDBBw" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> (i.e. aspatial and atemporal) that is not an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (cf.), but instead has elements (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGWaK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">elementOf</a>). Unlike a set, however, the elements or &quot;instances&quot; (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a>) of a given collection can vary from context to context, and it is possible for distinct collections to have exactly the same elements (i.e. to have the same <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwN2YGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">extent</a>) with respect to a given context. For example, the (non-reified) collections &quot;Chordate&quot; and &quot;Renate&quot; are co-extensional in the context of the present-day actual world, but have differring extents with respect to hypothetical contexts in which there exist creatures having hearts but not kidneys. This difference is sometimes summarized by saying that sets are &quot;extensional&quot; things and collections are &quot;intensional&quot; things. <p/> Many, though by no means all, of the collections reified in the Cyc ontology correspond to natural kinds or classes. It is particulary useful to reify collections that are difficult to define precisely, but about which there are many common-sense rules and other things to state. For example, it would not be worthwile to introduce a constant 'WhiteCat', both because it's easy to define the collection of white cats in terms of more general, already-reified notions (e.g. '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEcGC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionIntersection2Fn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBjWwGHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)'), and because there's not much to say about that particular collection. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsX6vHnS6EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteCollarWorker</a>, on the other hand, is a good collection to have reified, as it is hard to define precisely, yet is a collection about which there are many things to say. <p/> Some of the many reified specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>.