]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. ChemicalCompoundsMolecules-Chemistry-Topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. chemical compounds molecules chemistry topic molecule Molecule A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalObject</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjwspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Molecule</a> is a microscopic-scale object whose component atoms are all chemically bonded to each other; typically, this means that the atoms are covalently bonded. Examples: some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjwspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Molecule</a>, including molecules of oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), etc., contain covalently bonded atoms belonging to the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjIyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Oxygen</a>. Some highly complex examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjwspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Molecule</a> are those belonging to the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpIyn5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DNAMolecule</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPzt4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MoleculeFn</a>. Note: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgC2UJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Diamond</a> and other macroscopic covalent solids are excluded from belonging to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjwspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Molecule</a> by the constraint that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjwspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Molecule</a> are microscopic. ion Ion A collection of microscopic-scale objects; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalObject</a>. Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPuuOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ion</a> is an atom or radical which has either a negative or positive net electrical charge, due to having either more or fewer electrons than there are protons in its nuclei. Note: atomic ions violate Cyc's default assumption that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Atom</a> have a net electrical charge of zero, so <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPuuOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ion</a> constitutes a class of exceptions to that rule. chemical substance A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViGSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TangibleStuffCompositionType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> whose instances are defined only by their chemical composition -- not by their physical state or any other property. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a> can be of two varieties: (1) Collections whose instances are completely uniform with each other in terms of chemical composition; this includes (a) the chemical elements -- such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjIQpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Carbon</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjIyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Oxygen</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi6UpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hydrogen</a> -- which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkIMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons</a> (thus, the latter is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a>), and (b) chemical compounds constituted of more than one substance chemically bonded, e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkLW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Caffeine</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj8YZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IronOxide</a>, which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvUCoPtoTQdaZVdw2OtjsAg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies</a> (2) Substances which have a general chemical specification, that is, whose instances do not have exactly the same chemical composition but fall within certain specifications, e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXHLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DNAStuff</a>. Note that collections that are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a> include collections of substances which have some component which is of overriding significance in some context, so that in everyday language such substances are frequently referred to by the name of their important component (e.g., "penicillin" applied to a tablet containing penicillin), but which have significant admixtures of other substances. Thus, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivu5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Penicillin</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a>, but the collection of tablets containing penicillin and including other ingredients is not. Also, specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjon5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mixture</a>, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViCw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lemonade</a>, are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a>, because mixtures are determined by their physical state rather than solely by their chemical composition. ChemicalSubstanceType MicroscopicScaleObject microscopic object A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MicroscopicScaleObject</a> is a partially tangible object which is so small that human beings cannot perceive it, except (perhaps) with the use of special devices such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv6U955wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Microscope</a>s or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rdJGqMIoXEdaAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">ElectronMicroscope</a>s. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MicroscopicScaleObject</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjwspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Molecule</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Atom</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjbdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubAtomicParticle</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Chloroplast</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mitochondrion</a>. A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvUCoPtoTQdaZVdw2OtjsAg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> whose instances are defined _only_ by their chemical composition -- not by their physical state or any other property. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvUCoPtoTQdaZVdw2OtjsAg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies</a> are collections whose instances are completely uniform with each other in terms of chemical structure, e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkLW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Caffeine</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj8YZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IronOxide</a>. This collection does not include the chemical elements -- such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjIQpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Carbon</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjIyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Oxygen</a>, since there can be multiple types that molecules can be formed out of a single element, e.g. O2 and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQCj4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ozone</a>. Use the broader collection, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a>, for substances which have a general chemical specification, that is, whose instances do not have exactly the same chemical composition but fall within certain specifications, e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXHLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DNAStuff</a>. chemical compound ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies molecular material MolecularStuff A collection of tangible stuff. Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnjjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MolecularStuff</a> is a portion of stuff composed of covalently-bonded molecules. Thus, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXHLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DNAStuff</a> are subcollections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnjjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MolecularStuff</a>; each of their instances consists of covalently bonded molecules. But instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1QJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Salt_NaCl</a> are not examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnjjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MolecularStuff</a>. Also, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjIyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Oxygen</a> is not a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnjjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MolecularStuff</a>, since <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjIyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Oxygen</a> denotes anything composed of that element, not just O2 (molecular oxygen) and O3 (ozone). ChemicalObject A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MicroscopicScaleObject</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalObject</a> is an object whose behavior is typically described in terms of its outer cloud of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViB05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Electron</a>s. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalObject</a> include the collections <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Atom</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjwspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Molecule</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPuuOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ion</a>. chemical object ChemicalCompoundsMolecules-Chemistry-Topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. chemical compounds molecules chemistry topic Chemistry-Topic An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgQsP1F2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">Topic</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgQs25V2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">Chemistry_Topic</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a> which (in some significant sense) has to do with the topic of chemistry. chemistry-topic A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all and only those collections <code>COL</code> such that any thing's being an instance of <code>COL</code> depends on the current state of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjqoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycKB</a>. Such a <code>COL</code> corresponds to a property defined (at least partly) in terms of the contents, features, or implementation of the Cyc Knowledge Base itself, as opposed to a property that "exists out there" in the KB-independent world. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV281JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLAssertion</a> is a KB-dependent collection, membership in which requires of a given CycL sentence that it has in fact been asserted to the KB. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLSentence</a> is also KB-dependent, as being a CycL sentence requires being composed (ultimately) out of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvu6KTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLReifiedDenotationalTerm</a>s (and perhaps variables) -- i.e. terms that are currently reified in the KB. Conversely, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5ddsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sentence</a> is not a KB-dependent collection. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvip9N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KBDependentRelation</a>. KB dependent collection KBDependentCollection ChemicalCompoundsMolecules-Chemistry-Topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. chemical compounds molecules chemistry topic ChemicalCompoundsMolecules-Chemistry-Topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. chemical compounds molecules chemistry topic CycVocabularyTopic An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvprlOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FacetingCollectionType</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgQsP1F2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">Topic</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> is a collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>s falling under a topic for which some Cyc Vocabulary exists. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgQsP1F2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">Topic</a> is neither a strict [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvcZ1FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Strict</a>] nor a covering [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv86JWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Covering</a>] faceting of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>: many <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>s may be instances of no <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgQsP1F2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">Topic</a>, or of multiple <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgQsP1F2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">Topic</a>s. cyc vocabulary topic