]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. The collection of all pieces of technology. Instances are artifacts, typically devices and machines, but also computer programs and other constructed systems that are 1) the result of applying scientific knowledge to real-world problems, and 2) can be used as a tool in the construction of additional artifacts (e.g., technology, such as a bulldozer or a crane, used in the construction of a building) or in generating a desired state of affairs, such as the creation of an artificial environment (e.g., technology used in refrigeration). Note that there is a normative sense of the word "technology" that refers to new or relatively modern pieces of technology, which this this collection does not represent. piece of technology Technology-Artifact http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology technology pieces of technology <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmCrpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PathArtifactSystem</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvY5LhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_NonAgentive</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkF6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InanimateObject</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwO5aw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CustomarySystemOfLinks</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmCrpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PathArtifactSystem</a> is an artificial system consisting of several instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOopwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PathArtifact</a> (q.v.). Important specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmCrpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PathArtifactSystem</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerNetwork</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWYrXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RoadSystem</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj9aJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SewerSystem</a> constructed route system PathArtifactSystem powered device PoweredDevice A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalDevice</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViUcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoweredDevice</a> is a device that requires some power input in order to perform its intended function(s). The power supplied might be muscle power, kinetic energy, electricity, fuel-generated, and so on. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViUcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoweredDevice</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkEHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonPoweredDevice</a> partition the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalDevice</a>. KnowledgeManagementTechnology-Artifact The collection of all pieces of technology used primarily for knowledge management (information storage and retrieval). knowledge management technology software object SoftwareObject A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIlbF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoftwareObject</a> is the most general collection of software. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIlbF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoftwareObject</a> is either an individual computer program, a computer program module, a software package, a software library file (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rweCO2l0oEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ComputerSoftwareLibrary_CW</a>), or a version or series thereof. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIlbF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoftwareObject</a> is such that either it (or a member of the version series that constitutes it) could conceivably be instantiated in code that could run on some computer system, even if the code has not been written yet, and even if it could not run independently of other code (see the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPDQI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgramModule_CW</a>). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIlbF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoftwareObject</a> does not include purely data objects that software could operate on. Pine, Pine version 4.20, and Pine versions 4.20 through 4.33 inclusive are each instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIlbF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoftwareObject</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIlbF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoftwareObject</a> is partitioned into <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvcUMxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoftwareObject_Individual</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwBI78ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoftwareVersionSeries</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvcDp-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DefenseSystem</a> is a specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvom-Q5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProtectiveSystem</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkH_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvcDp-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DefenseSystem</a> are created by agents to protect things (not necessarily the agents themselves) from harmful situations or individuals. defense system DefenseSystem A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalDevice</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjVgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MechanicalDevice</a> is a physical device which has at least one part that moves with respect to another one of its parts. Thus a spoon is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjVgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MechanicalDevice</a>, but a pair of scissors is, as are more complex devices such as vacuum cleaners and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQws45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpaceShuttleChallenger</a>. mechanical device MechanicalDevice Canal canal A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViE_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BodyOfWater</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOopwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PathArtifact</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Canal</a> is an artificial waterway designed to serve either as a path for watercraft (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rf3qPRCTfQdeT_uLC0TwzCA" class="cyc_term">NavigationCanal</a>), or as a device for irrigating or draining land (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rRI_I3CTeQdeWUK9UOSA7Mw" class="cyc_term">IrrigationCanal</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rSfKTAiTbQdeOxqgl1eBn7w" class="cyc_term">DrainageCanal</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Canal</a> include the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViMY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SuezCanal</a> and the #$PhuCamCanal. artifact used for communication The collection of artifacts designed to facilitate information transfer during instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3Q79JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicatingUsingADevice</a>. Examples include devices designed to send, receive, or route information during these events (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCyIyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationDevice</a>), pathway artifacts designed to carry information (cf., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvY1q75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Path_InfoTransfer</a>), and networks composed of the foregoing. Artifact-Communication system of devices SystemOfDevices This collection involves instances which are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjmoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Group</a>s of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalDevice</a>s which interact and are connected in some sort of network. Positive examples include a computer system, a telephone system, a plumbing system. Negative examples include instances of simple tools, such as a screwdriver or a hammer, which have discrete connected parts, but whose parts do not interact in any complicated way. Another negative example is a single instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjTBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Telephone</a>. In a context of naive familiarity with the device, the telephone is not a system because its parts do not form an obvious network. SomethingExisting thing existing stably in time A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtM0npht0QdiUF94Dipp7Pg" class="cyc_term">TemporallyExistingThing</a> whose instances are more or less static, as compared (e.g.) to the more dynamic instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>. The clearest examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi255wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a>s are tangible things, such as people, lakes, stars, and the Earth's ionosphere. But <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi255wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a> also includes certain intangible temporal things, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>s and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi_0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Obligation</a>s, that remain relatively stable throughout their lifetimes. On the other hand, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi255wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a> excludes "purely temporal" intangibles such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a>s. The collection of all pieces of technology. Instances are artifacts, typically devices and machines, but also computer programs and other constructed systems that are 1) the result of applying scientific knowledge to real-world problems, and 2) can be used as a tool in the construction of additional artifacts (e.g., technology, such as a bulldozer or a crane, used in the construction of a building) or in generating a desired state of affairs, such as the creation of an artificial environment (e.g., technology used in refrigeration). Note that there is a normative sense of the word "technology" that refers to new or relatively modern pieces of technology, which this this collection does not represent. piece of technology Technology-Artifact unnatural thing The collection of non-natural individuals. This collection is hard to precisely define but, roughly, something is an instance of this collection just in case it is one of the following: 1) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> acts that are intentionally performed by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a>s, or 2) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>s that in some significant sense "could only have been the result" of the intentional activities of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a>s (or groups thereof). Positive examples in the first category include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1F75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CesareanBirth</a>s, negative examples include eating. Positive examples in the second category include instances of industrial pollution and tire tracks. Negative examples include human vomit and human (bare) footprints. NonNaturalThing Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString The collection of all pieces of technology. Instances are artifacts, typically devices and machines, but also computer programs and other constructed systems that are 1) the result of applying scientific knowledge to real-world problems, and 2) can be used as a tool in the construction of additional artifacts (e.g., technology, such as a bulldozer or a crane, used in the construction of a building) or in generating a desired state of affairs, such as the creation of an artificial environment (e.g., technology used in refrigeration). Note that there is a normative sense of the word "technology" that refers to new or relatively modern pieces of technology, which this this collection does not represent. piece of technology Technology-Artifact type of temporally stuff-like thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. TemporalStuffType generic artifact A collection of things created by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a>s. These creations may be either tangible (like a hammer, a bowl, or a bridge) or intangible (like a set of laws, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjSEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KnowledgeBase</a>, or Beethoven's Ninth Symphony). Thus, the collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjSBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a>s is partitioned into <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkH_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtisp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Intangible</a> (q.v.). Artifact-Generic <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. BT broaderTerm The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the #$KRAKEN application to resolve natural language ambiguities. KE clarifying collection type KEClarifyingCollectionType The collection of all pieces of technology. Instances are artifacts, typically devices and machines, but also computer programs and other constructed systems that are 1) the result of applying scientific knowledge to real-world problems, and 2) can be used as a tool in the construction of additional artifacts (e.g., technology, such as a bulldozer or a crane, used in the construction of a building) or in generating a desired state of affairs, such as the creation of an artificial environment (e.g., technology used in refrigeration). Note that there is a normative sense of the word "technology" that refers to new or relatively modern pieces of technology, which this this collection does not represent. piece of technology Technology-Artifact The collection of all pieces of technology. Instances are artifacts, typically devices and machines, but also computer programs and other constructed systems that are 1) the result of applying scientific knowledge to real-world problems, and 2) can be used as a tool in the construction of additional artifacts (e.g., technology, such as a bulldozer or a crane, used in the construction of a building) or in generating a desired state of affairs, such as the creation of an artificial environment (e.g., technology used in refrigeration). Note that there is a normative sense of the word "technology" that refers to new or relatively modern pieces of technology, which this this collection does not represent. piece of technology Technology-Artifact