]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. MilitaryTaskedActionType type of military task The collection of all types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> that can be assigned as tasks (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpz69JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">unitAssignedToTask</a>) to a military unit (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQWn3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModernMilitaryUnit_Deployable</a>). Examples of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBvMr-qWFEdaAAAABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">MilitaryTaskedActionType</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvbfzAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttackOnObject</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv4jqZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalDestructionEvent</a>. It is not assumed that any spec whatsoever of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBvMr-qWFEdaAAAABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">MilitaryTaskedActionType</a> : e.g., the collection of tasks to be performed by UNIT003 by 3 pm on July 31 might well be a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a>, but it shouldn't be a military task _type_ in its own right. (In other words: this collection does not include the powerset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a>.) types of military task

RetaliatoryStrike A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8sQAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAttack</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2OXzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PreemptiveStrike</a>, an agent deliberately attacks a second agent that has committed prior violence against the first agent. retaliatory strike

BlockingAnEnemy military blocking To block is to deny the enemy access to a given area or prevent his advance in a given direction or along an avenue of approach. A blocking task normally requires the friendly force to block the enemy force for a certain time period or until a specific event has occurred. A blocking unit may have to hold terrain and accept decisive engagement. A block differs from a fix because a blocked enemy force can move in any direction other than the obstructed one while a fixed enemy force cannot move in any direction.

aerial attack of ground forces AerialAttackOnGroundForces The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1FALZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AerialAttack</a>s in which the force targeted (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv7IVW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">intendedMaleficiary</a>) is a 'ground unit', i.e., a unit constitutionally suited for ground combat (see #$intendedTheaterOfOperations).

attrition A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>. An agent performing this type of action endeavors to reduce the number of combatants in a specified hostile force, either by outright killing or by rendering them combat-ineffective by other means, physical and/or psychological. CausingAttritionOfAnEnemyForce

The collection of events in which an attack aims at maintaining the element of surprise to disarm the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveQKOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">objectAttacked</a>. surprise attack SurpriseAttack

destroying an enemy force DestroyingAnEnemyForce To destroy an enemy force is to physically render it combat-ineffective until it is reconstituted. The amount of damage needed to render a unit combat-ineffective depends on the unit's type, discipline, and morale. It normally requires greater than percent personnel or equipment casualties. Destroying armored or dug-in targets with area fire weapons requires a large amount of ammunition and considerable time, so forces do not normally attempt it unless they have terminally guided munitions.

An infiltration is the covert movement through or into an area occupied by enemy forces to occupy a position of advantage in the enemy's rear while exposing only small elements to enemy defensive fires. ... To successfully infiltrate, the force must avoid detection and engagement. Since this requirement limits the size of the infiltrating force, infiltration is normally used in conjunction with, and in support of, the other choices of maneuver. Infiltration is also a movement technique used within friendly territory to move forces in small groups at extended or irregular intervals. FM100-40, p3-27,28. InfiltratingAnArea infiltrating an area

ReliefInPlace-MilitaryTask relief in place A relief in place is an enabling operation in which ... all or part of a unit is replaced in an area by an incoming unit. ... Normally, the unit relieved is defending. However, a relief may set the stage for a resumption of offensive operations. A relief may also serve to free the relieved unit for other tasks, such as decontamination, reconstitution, routine rest, resupply, maintenance, or specialized training. Sometimes, as part of a larger operation, a commander wants the enemy to discover the relief because it will cause the enemy to do something in response that is prejudicial to his interest, such as move reserves from an area where the friendly commander wants to conduct a penetration. FM100-40, p18- 14,15.

This task is assigned to a unit which is an encircling force in an encirclement operation (see FM100-40, pp 9-7 - 9-16). The unit may be designated as the main effort or a supporting effort (if a major obstacle, such as a shoreline, cannot serve as a second encircling wing). Although terrain objectives may be designated in an encirclement, isolation and defeat of enemy forces are the primary goals. encircling an enemy EncirclingAnEnemy

Linkup-MilitaryTask military linkup A linkup is a meeting of friendly ground forces and occurs in a variety of circumstances. It happens when an advancing force reaches an objective area previously seized by an airborne or air assault when an encircled element breaks out to rejoin friendly forces or a force comes to the relief of an encircled force maneuver forces meet. Both forces may be moving toward each other or one may be stationary. Whenever possible, joining forces exchange as much information as possible prior to the start of an operation.

GuardOperation (from DOD): A form of security operation whose primary task is to protect the main force by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information, and to prevent enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body by reconnoitering, attacking, defending, and delaying. guard operation

Rupture-MilitaryTask To rupture is to create a gap in enemy defensive positions quickly. Rupture is directed against an enemy defensive force. Breach is the term used in conjunction with an obstacle. military rupture task

Deceiving A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOImtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pretending</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwG1h15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InfluencingAnAgent</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a> is the collection of events in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> deliberately engages in activities which both are intended to, and in fact do, induce false beliefs in another agent. Note that if either the information conveyed by the would-be deceiver is in fact true (although the would-be deceiver thinks it's false), or the would-be victim of the deception does not, as a result of the would-be deceiver's actions, acquire the false beliefs as intended, then the act is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>, but is an instance of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwBdWmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttemptingFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>). (Also see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>.) Notable specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAITlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheating</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a>. deceiving

This task is assigned to a unit which is an enveloping force in an envelopment operation: see FM100-40, pp3-18 - 3-22. The unit may be designated as the main effort or a supporting effort, for a double envelopment or encirclement operation only. EnvelopingAnEnemy enveloping an enemy

moving to contact A movement to contact is an attack to gain or reestablish contact with the enemy. A properly executed movement to contact develops the combat situation and maintains the commander's freedom of action after contact is gained. This flexibility is essential in maintaining the initiative. Enemy forces (other than the final objective) within the assigned area will be put at a disadvantage by being disrupted, fixed or defeated. The movement to contact terminates when it reaches its final objective or limit of advance, or must conduct a deliberate attack, a hasty defense, or retrograde. FM100-40, Ch4. MovementToContact-MilitaryOperation

attack by fire AttackingByFire To attack by fire is to engage offensively the enemy with direct and indirect fire: to fix, destroy, suppress, or deceive him. The friendly force does not close with the enemy or occupy the objective. An attack by fire is usually a supporting effort during offensive operations and a counterattack by fire option for the reserve during defensive operations. It is not done in conjunction with another maneuvering force. The force conducting an attack by fire may be assigned a battle position with either a sector of fire or an engagement area, or it may be assigned an axis of advance and a force-oriented objective. The enemy may be stationary or moving. An attack by fire closely resembles the task of support by fire. The chief difference is that support by fire is conducted to support another force so that force can maneuver against the enemy.

ClearingAnEnemy clearing an enemy To clear an enemy from an area means to remove all enemy forces and eliminate organized resistance in the area. This may be accomplished by destroying, capturing, or forcing the withdrawal of the enemy from the area.

military river crossing task RiverCrossing-MilitaryTask A river crossing is an operation required before ground combat power can be projected and sustained across a water obstacle. It is a centrally planned and controlled operation that requires the allocation of external crossing means and a force dedicated to the security of the bridgehead. River crossings require specific procedures for success because the water obstacle prevents normal ground maneuver. There are three basic types of river crossings: hasty, deliberate, and retrograde. A hasty river crossing is a task conducted as part of a larger operation, typically an attack, with no intentional pause at the water line. When a hasty river crossing is not feasible such as when the enemy or terrain situations prevent it, a hasty crossing attempt fails, or friendly offensive operations resume at a river line after a pause, the force conducts a deliberate river crossing operation. A retrograde river crossing is a movement to the rear across a water obstacle while in contact with the enemy. A river crossing is both a tactical task and an enabling operation. Field Manual 90-13, River Crossing Operations, gives detailed information concerning the conduct of a river crossing.

The collection of all instances of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3tMrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransportViaFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViuUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AirTransportationDevice</a>) where the flight path is relatively low to the ground, typically for the purpose of avoiding detection. terrain flight TerrainFlight

This is a type of action taken to prevent an enemy from moving any part of his forces from a specific location or repositioning them in that location. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkRTL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContainingAnEnemy</a>. fixing an enemy FixingAnEnemy

DelayingAnAgent delaying an agent Instances are actions which one agent takes to hinder another agent's progress towards completeing some other action. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2wUE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">delayUntilTime</a>.

bombing mission BombingMission-Aerial The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1FALZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AerialAttack</a>s in which the primary purpose of the mission is to perform a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQri25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bombing</a> on some specified target. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQri25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bombing</a> need only be a planned part of the mission, and not actually occur, for the mission to be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-gpDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BombingMission_Aerial</a>. However, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQri25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bombing</a> must in general occur for the mission to be considered a success.

Forward passage of lines occurs when a unit passes through another (friendly) unit's positions while moving toward the enemy. forward passage of lines PassageOfLines-Forward

seizing an objective SeizingAnObjective A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjGlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingSomething</a> in which an agent (e.g. a military force) obtains control of a region or other tangible objective through the use (or threat) of force. In general, when an objective is seized, this suggests that the seizing agent has taken steps to retain control of the objective. For example, when a military unit seizes an objective, this normally entails that the unit has both obtained control of the objective (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLXzU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ControllingAnObjective</a>) and cleared the area of enemy forces (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvz9aXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ClearingAnEnemy</a>).

TravelingOverwatch traveling overwatch

A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWSHaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LeavingAPlace</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl-6kpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RetreatingFromAnArea</a> is an event in which some military force retreats from an area. The retreating force need not have been in previous contact with enemy forces; for this narrower notion, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvfmioJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WithdrawingFromCombat</a>. RetreatingFromAnArea retreating

An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvY49wpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SupportingByFire</a> closely resembles the task of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpV3lZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttackingByFire</a>, but a fire support action need not be an attack at all (i.e., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr3kpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttackOnTangible</a>). Support by fire is artillery fire conducted to support another force so that force can maneuver against the enemy. SupportingByFire support by fire

There are three basic types of river crossings: hasty, deliberate, and retrograde. A hasty river crossing is a task conducted as part of a larger operation, typically an attack, with no intentional pause at the water line. When a hasty river crossing is not feasible such as when the enemy or terrain situations prevent it, a hasty crossing attempt fails, or friendly offensive operations resume at a river line after a pause, the force conducts a deliberate river crossing operation. A retrograde river crossing is a movement to the rear across a water obstacle while in contact with the enemy. A river crossing is both a tactical task and an enabling operation. Field Manual 90-13, River Crossing Operations, gives detailed information concerning the conduct of a river crossing. RiverCrossing-Deliberate deliberate river crossing

Follow and assume is a task in which a committed force follows a force conducting an offensive operation. The committed force is prepared to continue the mission of the force it is following when that force is fixed, attrited, or unable to continue. The follow and assume force is not a reserve but is committed to accomplish specific tasks. will follow and assume FollowAndAssume

In a screening action, an agent (typically a military unit) provides early warning (to some other, friendly agent) about enemy actions it observes. ScreeningAFriendlyForce screen

An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpV3lZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttackingByFire</a>, all instances of which are performed by some instance <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwNJS5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtilleryUnit_MilitarySpecialty</a>. ArtilleryFire artillery fire

In this type of action, a military unit moves through another (friendly) unit's position with the intent of moving into or out of enemy contact. It involves the transfer of responsibility for fighting an enemy force from one unit to another in close operations. PassageOfLines performing a passage of lines

EliminatingABridgehead A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_6KepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DestroyingAnEnemyForce</a> in a particular defensive positioning. Here, the enemy forces have formed a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rnAg4iNjGQdadRd5DhtGBYw" class="cyc_term">Bridgehead</a> to protect one or more bridges. destroying a bridgehead

supporting attack SupportingAttack An offensive operation carried out in conjunction with a main attack and designed to achieve one or more of the following: a. deceive the enemy; b. destroy or pin down enemy forces which could interfere with the main attack; c. control ground whose occupation by the enemy will hinder the main attack; or d. force the enemy to commit reserves prematurely or in an indecisive area.

bounding overwatch The collection of all bounding overwatches. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rzM-cDgjMQdiRJN1278T7wQ" class="cyc_term">Overwatch</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwNegjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryTask_Offensive</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNrf2YgjMQdiPpqoj9AYMpw" class="cyc_term">BoundingOverwatch</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBvMr-qWFEdaAAAABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">MilitaryTaskedActionType</a>. BoundingOverwatch

SearchAndClear search and clear mission

RaidingAnObjective raid

reinforcing a military force ReinforcingAMilitaryForce A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvnSeAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryEvent</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBn8ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HelpingAnAgent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvnc82pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ReinforcingAMilitaryForce</a> is an event in which some military force reinforces another military force. The two military forces may be part of the same military organization, or they may come from cooperative, autonomous military organizations.

The collection of events in which a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQWn3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModernMilitaryUnit_Deployable</a> is tasked with the support of a another unit. The supporting unit is to answer calls for assisstance from the supported unit. providing direct support ProvidingDirectSupport

Counterreconnaissance is all measures taken to counter enemy reconnaissance and surveillance efforts throughout the depth of the area of operations (AO). Counterreconnaissance is not a distinct mission, but a component of security operations. It prevents hostile observation of a force, area, or place. Counterreconnaissance is an element of all security operations and most local security measures. It involves both active and passive elements and includes combat action to destroy or repel enemy reconnaissance units. Stripping away enemy ground reconnaissance while denying the enemy information through other collection systems allows friendly force commanders to operate against an enemy who is operating blindly. The enemy commander's inability to see the battlefield will eventually desynchronize his actions and render his command vulnerable to aggressive action by friendly forces. countering enemy reconnaissance CounteringEnemyReconnaissance

TakeUpPositions taking up positions

will have exfiltrated ExfiltrationFromEnemyTerritory To exfiltrate is to remove personnel or units from areas under enemy control by stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine means. Exfiltration is conducted by friendly forces that have been encircled by enemy forces and cannot conduct a breakout or be relieved by other friendly forces. Forces returning from a raid, an infiltration, or a patrol behind enemy lines can also conduct an exfiltration. Exfiltration by an encircled force is used only as a last resort to preserve a portion of the force. It is preferable to the capture of the force. The exfiltrating force conducts it after destroying or incapacitating all equipment (less medical) not accompanying the force. The exfiltrating force may have to leave casualties in place with supplies, chaplain support, and medical attendants.

will follow and support In this type of action, a committed force follows and supports the mission accomplishment of a force conducting an offensive operation. The follow and support force is not a reserve but is a force committed to specific tasks. FollowAndSupport

attack by direct fire Instances of this collection are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpV3lZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttackingByFire</a> carried out using instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkE7RZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DirectFireWeapon</a> --i.e., projectile weapons such as guns which are aimed directly at the target. AttackingByFire-Direct

DefeatingAnOpponent Instances of this collection are events in which an agent effectively nullifies an adversary's ability to persue opposing goals in a conflict. In general, this means that the adversary has either become unwilling or unable to further pursue his intended course of action. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvyEmy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConflictEvent</a>. military defeat

CombinedArmsAttack The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpV3lZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttackingByFire</a> that uses a combination of military weapons. combined arms attack

supporting a unit <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ro8Y5UpK4EdaAAACQJ5pcGA" class="cyc_term">SupportingAUnit</a> is the collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBn8ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HelpingAnAgent</a> in which one military unit provides some type of support to another. SupportingAUnit

To control the enemy is to maintain physical influence over him by occupying an area or dominating the area through the use of direct fire weapon systems. The tactical task of control differs from that of secure because secure does not allow enemy fires to impact on the area being secured. In control, the enemy can engage targets within the controlled area but cannot move his ground forces through the area at will. ControllingAnObjective military control task

The collection of events in which a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQWn3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModernMilitaryUnit_Deployable</a> is tasked to provide support to the entire force performing an operation. ProvidingGeneralSupport providing general support

counterfire CounterFire

interdicting To interdict is to prevent, hinder, or delay the enemy's use of an area or route. Interdiction is conducted to complement and reinforce other ongoing offensive or defensive operations. An interdiction tasking must specify the enemy force to be interdicted. It must also specify the area or route to be interdicted, how long the interdiction is to be in effect, defined either as a length of time or some event that must occur before the interdiction is lifted or the exact effect desired from the interdiction. Interdiction

A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJPmyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PursuingSomething</a>. Instances of this collection are actions in which one agent pursues another. PursuingAnEnemy pursuit of an enemy

rearward passage of lines Rearward passage of lines occurs when a unit passes through another unit while moving away from the enemy. PassageOfLines-Rearward

DisruptingEnemyPlans military disrupt task A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwHk14pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Interfering</a>. In actions of this type, an agent neutralizes an opponent's ability to achieve some end in a timely manner.

enabling operation The collection of military operations conducted to facilitate other types of military operations. As such, enabling operations are not ends unto themselves. Enabling-MilitaryEvent

acting as a decoy A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>. In events of this type, some agent acts as a decoy to misdirect the attention of some opposing agent. ActingAsADecoy

To retain is to occupy and hold a terrain 18 feature so that the enemy can not occupy or use it. The commander assigning this task must specify the area to be retained and the duration of the retention, which is time- or event-driven. While a unit is conducting this task, decisive engagement can occur. Retain-MilitaryTask retaining

the collection of events in which a force establishes a bridgehead. establishing a bridgehead EstablishingABridgehead

A specialization of ContainingAnEnemy. To isolate an enemy force is to seal it off physically and psychologically from sources of support. As with containment, isolation involves denying an enemy freedom of movement and contact with other enemy forces. IsolatingAnEnemy military isolation task

aerial attack The collection of events in which aircraft attack a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> target. An aerial attack may include, and is not restricted to, bombing, strafing, and launching of missiles by aircraft. A special case would be a 'kamikaze' attack. The object of the attack may be a target on the ground, a naval target on or in water, a geographical region, or another aircraft. It also may include the use of destructive weapons by an aircraft in self-defense, as well as offensive missions. Non-examples: a reconnaissance mission. Note, however, that a single <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvcFe4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAircraftMission</a> could incorporate a reconnaissance mission and an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1FALZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AerialAttack</a> as distinct temporal subabstractions: if, for example, a reconnaissance flight were fired upon and responded by launching a missile, the reconnaissance mission would effectively turn into an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1FALZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AerialAttack</a>.--Meyer, Feb 23, 1999 AerialAttack

feinting A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvnTZ5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FeintingAttack</a> attemps to draw an enemy's attention and resources away from some main attack by promoting a misapprehension about the degree of threat posed by the feint. In a military conflict, this could be acheived by inducing an enemy to position his forces, commit his reserves or shift his fire support in reaction to the feint in ways which allow the main attack to be more effective. FeintingAttack

To occupy is to move onto an objective, key terrain, or other man-made or natural terrain area without opposition and to control that entire area. (See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLXzU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ControllingAnObjective</a>.) Occupation of territory normally requires that the territory be under the authority and effective control of an armed force. To control the territory, the armed force conducts area security operations supported by information operations. This is not applicable to territory being administered in accordance with peace terms, treaty, or other agreement, express or implied, with civil authority of the territory. OccupyingAnObjective occupying an objective

penetrating a defense PenetratingADefense A type of action in which an agent breaks through an adversary's defense, usually with the intent of disrupting the defensive system. Instances of this sort of event include military units penetrating enemy lines as well as sports teams penetrating an opponent's defense.

canalization To canalize is to restrict enemy movement to a narrow zone by exploiting terrain coupled with the use of obstacles, fires, or friendly maneuver. Successful canalization results in moving the enemy formation into a predetermined position where it is vulnerable to piecemeal destruction by direct and indirect fires. The same effect occurs when an enemy force is taken under fire and individual enemy soldiers and combat systems seek positions that are masked from the effects of friendly fires. When this occurs, further enemy movements are usually canalized into areas outside of the 'beaten zone' established by the effects of the friendly force's fire, and thus can be fairly easy to predict. CanalizingAnEnemyForce

RiverCrossing-Hasty There are three basic types of river crossings: hasty, deliberate, and retrograde. A hasty river crossing is a task conducted as part of a larger operation, typically an attack, with no intentional pause at the water line. When a hasty river crossing is not feasible such as when the enemy or terrain situations prevent it, a hasty crossing attempt fails, or friendly offensive operations resume at a river line after a pause, the force conducts a deliberate river crossing operation. A retrograde river crossing is a movement to the rear across a water obstacle while in contact with the enemy. A river crossing is both a tactical task and an enabling operation. Field Manual 90-13, River Crossing Operations, gives detailed information concerning the conduct of a river crossing. hasty river crossing

AmbushingAnEnemy ambushing A collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a>, characterized by the assigned unit's mounting a surprise offensive against a designated hostile unit.

BypassingAnEnemy To bypass an enemy force is to maneuver around it so as to avoid a confrontation. When conducting a bypass, the commander deliberately avoids combat with an enemy force so that all of his combat power is directed toward mission accomplishment. For a more general notion of bypassing something, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rWgR1hGnZEdaAAABQ2sS97g" class="cyc_term">BypassingSomething</a>. bypassing an enemy

BreachingAnEnemyDefense A Breach is both a tactical task and an enabling operation in which any means available are employed to break through or secure a passage through an enemy defense, obstacle, minefield, or fortification. To maintain his tempo and momentum, a commander attempts to bypass and avoid obstacles to the maximum extent possible. Breaching enemy obstacle systems is normally his last choice. When they occur, they are a synchronized combined arms operation under the control of the maneuver commander. There are three types of breaching operations: hasty, deliberate, or assault. The type of breach conducted depends on the nature of the obstacle and the capabilities of the enemy force covering the obstacle. breaching an enemy defense

preemptive strike A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8sQAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAttack</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2OXzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PreemptiveStrike</a>, an agent deliberately attacks a second agent that has not committed any prior violence against the first agent. PreemptiveStrike

military disengagement DisengagingFromCombat Disengagement is breaking contact with the enemy so as to allow the conduct of another mission. It involves moving to a location where the enemy can neither engage the friendly force with direct fires or observed indirect fires. Disengaging from the enemy while displacing from one position to the next is a difficult procedure.

preparing a position PreparingPosition-MilitaryTask

ConductAnAirAssault conducting an air assault

Containing an enemy involves restricting his freedom of movement,e.g. by surrounding him. In contexts involving a military force (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQWn3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModernMilitaryUnit_Deployable</a>), containment of enemy forces can also involve causing them to center activity on a given front and prevent them from withdrawing any part of their forces for use elsewhere. The limits of the containment may be expressed in terms of geography or time. Containment allows an enemy to reposition himself within the designated geographic area, whereas fixing (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvxcirpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FixingAnEnemy</a>) an enemy does not. ContainingAnEnemy containing an enemy

To secure is to gain possession of a position or terrain feature with or without force and try to prevent its destruction or loss by enemy action. A unit does not have to physically occupy a geographical location to secure it if the unit can prevent the enemy from occupying or firing at that location by other means. The subordinate tasks associated with secure are to prevent enemy direct and observed indirect fire from impacting on the secured area and to prevent any enemy forces from occupying or using the secured area. securing an objective SecuringAnObjective

AttackingByFire-Indirect attacking by indirect fire Instances of this collection are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpV3lZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttackingByFire</a> carried out using instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGdazJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndirectFireWeapon</a> --i.e., projectile weapons such as guns which deliver projectiles to the target area via ballistic trajectories.

Instances are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a> such that the assigned unitrelieves another specified friendly unit. Relief-MilitaryTask military relief task

A specialization of ConflictEvent. In events of this type, an agent. renders an enemy force incapable of interfering with some particular operation. neutralizing NeutralizingAnEnemyForce

The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection thing Thing <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a> is the "universal collection": the collection which, by definition, contains everything there is. Every thing in the Cyc ontology -- every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (of any kind), every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a>, and every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> -- is an instance of (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>. Similarly, every collection is a subcollection of (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>. Trivially, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a> is both an instance of and a subcollection of itself, and is not a subcollection of any other collection. (Note that the above reference to "every thing in the Cyc ontology" is not meant to be limited to things actually reified in the Cyc system, but includes (e.g.) every instance -- reified or not, known or not -- of every collection recognized by Cyc.) Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString MilitaryTaskedActionType type of military task The collection of all types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> that can be assigned as tasks (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpz69JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">unitAssignedToTask</a>) to a military unit (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQWn3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModernMilitaryUnit_Deployable</a>). Examples of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBvMr-qWFEdaAAAABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">MilitaryTaskedActionType</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvbfzAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttackOnObject</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv4jqZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalDestructionEvent</a>. It is not assumed that any spec whatsoever of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBvMr-qWFEdaAAAABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">MilitaryTaskedActionType</a> : e.g., the collection of tasks to be performed by UNIT003 by 3 pm on July 31 might well be a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a>, but it shouldn't be a military task _type_ in its own right. (In other words: this collection does not include the powerset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a>.) MilitaryTaskedActionType type of military task The collection of all types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> that can be assigned as tasks (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpz69JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">unitAssignedToTask</a>) to a military unit (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQWn3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModernMilitaryUnit_Deployable</a>). Examples of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBvMr-qWFEdaAAAABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">MilitaryTaskedActionType</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvbfzAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttackOnObject</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv4jqZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalDestructionEvent</a>. It is not assumed that any spec whatsoever of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBvMr-qWFEdaAAAABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">MilitaryTaskedActionType</a> : e.g., the collection of tasks to be performed by UNIT003 by 3 pm on July 31 might well be a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a>, but it shouldn't be a military task _type_ in its own right. (In other words: this collection does not include the powerset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a>.)