]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. DegreeTypeByLevel is a collection of collections. Each element of DegreeType is a collection of EducationalDegrees granted to persons having attained a specific level of education irrespective of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Also see #$DegreeTypeByField. degree type by level DegreeTypeByLevel The collection of all Ph.D. degrees. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDISipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DoctoralDegree</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjJpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhDDegree</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rMFzJNskSQded5vPl43xgpQ" class="cyc_term">DegreeTypeByLevel</a>. PhDDegree PhD degree MastersDegree Masters degree The collection of all Masters degrees. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrr8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GraduateDegree</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjJ7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MastersDegree</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rMFzJNskSQded5vPl43xgpQ" class="cyc_term">DegreeTypeByLevel</a>. certification of apprenticeship A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv6QJ7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HigherEducationDegree</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CertificationOfApprenticeship</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rMFzJNskSQded5vPl43xgpQ" class="cyc_term">DegreeTypeByLevel</a>. CertificationOfApprenticeship graduate degree GraduateDegree The collection of all graduate degrees. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVip-pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EducationalDegree</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrr8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GraduateDegree</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rMFzJNskSQded5vPl43xgpQ" class="cyc_term">DegreeTypeByLevel</a>. General Educational Development GeneralEducationalDevelopmentCredential The collection of all 'GED' credentials. Instances are awarded based on a student's scores on a series of standardized tests, and not on the completion of a high school curriculum, but are considered equivalent to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj_TJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HighSchoolDiploma</a>s for purposes of college admission, employment, etc. associate degree The educational degrees normally issued after passing two years of community college or correspondence courses. AssociatesDegree The collection of all credentials certifying someone to have reached the level of education of someone who has successfully graduated from a high school. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj_TJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HighSchoolDiploma</a> may be granted to someone who has actually completed a high school curriculum, or - as in the case of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwBXJnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeneralEducationalDevelopmentCredential</a> - to someone who otherwise demonstrates a similar level of academic acheivement. high school diploma HighSchoolDiploma vocational technical degree Vocational-TechnicalDegree The collection of all vocational technical degrees. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVip-pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EducationalDegree</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjJypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Vocational_TechnicalDegree</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rMFzJNskSQded5vPl43xgpQ" class="cyc_term">DegreeTypeByLevel</a>. BachelorsDegree bachelor's degree The educational degrees normally issued after passing four years of college. poly-technic degree PolytechnicDegree The collection of all poly-technic degrees. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjJypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Vocational_TechnicalDegree</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r-hhmrgEfQdmTPbwfEBuYqw" class="cyc_term">PolytechnicDegree</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rMFzJNskSQded5vPl43xgpQ" class="cyc_term">DegreeTypeByLevel</a>. DoctoralDegree doctoral degree The collection of all doctoral degrees, including Ph.D. degrees and medical doctoral degrees. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrr8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GraduateDegree</a>. degree type by level DegreeTypeByLevel is a collection of collections. Each element of DegreeType is a collection of EducationalDegrees granted to persons having attained a specific level of education irrespective of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Also see #$DegreeTypeByField. DegreeTypeByLevel The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code>COL</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (ANECT) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code>COL</code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code> essentially (i.e. <code>INST</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code>COL</code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code>COL</code>. Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers)) This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not necessarily true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential degree type by level DegreeTypeByLevel is a collection of collections. Each element of DegreeType is a collection of EducationalDegrees granted to persons having attained a specific level of education irrespective of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Also see #$DegreeTypeByField. DegreeTypeByLevel DegreeTypeByLevelOrName DegreeTypeByLevel is a collection of collections. Each element of DegreeType is a collection of EducationalDegrees granted to persons having attained a specific level of education irrespective of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Also see #$DegreeTypeByField. degree type by level or name