]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. The collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvUCoPtoTQdaZVdw2OtjsAg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies</a> formed when <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi6UpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hydrogen</a> reacts with a nonmetal or semimetal element. MolecularHydrideType molecular hydride molecular hydrides

The collection of samples of hydrogen fluoride. Its instances are moderately strong acids. Its formula is HF. hydrogen fluoride HydrogenFluoride

The collection of all volumes of ammonia gas, NH3. This collection does not refer to the household product called ammonia, which is a solution or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1v9spwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ammonia</a> in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. ammonia Ammonia

HydrogenBromide HBr. The collection of all samples of hydrogen bromide; a strong acid. hydrogen bromide

The collection of samples of hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a strong acid. It is highly soluble in water. Its aqueous solution is hydrochloric acid. In its concentrated form, hydrochloric acid is roughly 37% HCl by mass and is 12 moles per liter in HCl. HydrogenChloride hydrogen chloride

HydroselenicAcid hydroselenic acid The collection of samples of hydroselenic acid; H2Se.

Water An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvUCoPtoTQdaZVdw2OtjsAg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkF6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InanimateObject</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a> is one piece of some (pure or impure) portion of the chemical compound H2O. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a> may be in a gaseous, liquid, or solid state (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi9HJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">stateOfMatter</a>); they may be salty or not, drinkable or not. Examples include portions of the ocean, such as the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVii7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BayOfBiscay</a> and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjtDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BayOfBengal</a> (see also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SeaWater</a>); bodies of fresh water, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjySZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NiagaraFalls</a> and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViO_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GangesRiver</a>; quantities of chlorinated water (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgD7FZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoolWater</a>); and the contents of bottles of tonic water (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0cpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SeltzerWater</a>). Any portion of liquid that consists mostly of water but differs from it in one or more important properties (as does e.g. urine, coffee, and lemonade) is not itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>, but has an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a> as its main constituent (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjTAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">mainConstituent</a>). For the specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a> whose instances are pure, see (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPuxrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PureFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>). water

The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString The collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvUCoPtoTQdaZVdw2OtjsAg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies</a> formed when <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi6UpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hydrogen</a> reacts with a nonmetal or semimetal element. MolecularHydrideType molecular hydride A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvUCoPtoTQdaZVdw2OtjsAg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> whose instances are defined _only_ by their chemical composition -- not by their physical state or any other property. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvUCoPtoTQdaZVdw2OtjsAg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies</a> are collections whose instances are completely uniform with each other in terms of chemical structure, e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkLW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Caffeine</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj8YZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IronOxide</a>. This collection does not include the chemical elements -- such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjIQpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Carbon</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjIyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Oxygen</a>, since there can be multiple types that molecules can be formed out of a single element, e.g. O2 and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQCj4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ozone</a>. Use the broader collection, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a>, for substances which have a general chemical specification, that is, whose instances do not have exactly the same chemical composition but fall within certain specifications, e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXHLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DNAStuff</a>. chemical compound ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a> of collections of collections (and thus an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rviPYH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionTypeType</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>). A sibling-disjoint collection type is such that its known (i.e. KB-represented) instances are collections that -- save for any that are related to each other by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> and any that are explicitly asserted to be exceptions (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a>) -- are disjoint from each other. More precisely, each instance <code>SIB</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a> is a collection of collections that has the following KB-dependent property: For any two known instances <code>COL1</code> and <code>COL2</code> of <code>SIB</code>, at least one of the following is known to hold: <pre> (a) (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> COL1 COL2) (b) (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> COL2 COL1) (c) (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a> COL1 COL2) (d) (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a> COL1 COL2) </pre> Moreover, note that if <code>MT</code> is a context (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA1ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>) in which (i) both <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> COL1 SIB)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> COL2 SIB)</code> hold and (ii) neither <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> COL1 COL2)</code> nor <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> COL2 COL1)</code> nor <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a> COL1 COL2)</code> is known to hold (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP-JvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">knownSentence</a>), then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a> COL1 COL2)</code> holds by default in <code>MT</code>. For example, in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjakJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologyMt</a> both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a> are instances of the sibling-disjoint collection type <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjK65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologicalSpecies</a>, while neither (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a>) nor (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>) nor (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a>) is known to hold in that context; consequently, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a>) holds by default in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjakJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologyMt</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVji6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologicalTaxon</a> (and its specializations), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwKTnSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganismPartType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwE01SZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RelationshipTypeByArity</a>. See the generalization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rk8dxOFcGEdaLwgACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointSetOrCollectionType</a>. Also cf. the stronger notion of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWPoRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DisjointCollectionType</a>. sibling disjoint collection type SiblingDisjointCollectionType The collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvUCoPtoTQdaZVdw2OtjsAg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies</a> formed when <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi6UpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hydrogen</a> reacts with a nonmetal or semimetal element. MolecularHydrideType molecular hydride