]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. TransitionMetalElementType transition metal A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rIGTaIPAIQdaffLzGWDo0Zw" class="cyc_term">MetallicElementType</a>. Instances are such that their valence electrons have more than one shell. transition metals A collection of pieces of material. Each piece is a RadioactiveObject of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvv-2S5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ununnilium</a>; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. ununnilium Ununnilium tantalum Tantalum The element Tantalum, atomic number 73. titanium Titanium All pieces (i.e., specific collections of nearby molecules) of titanium; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form, although the collection includes liquid, gasseous, and chmically bound forms as well. A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of platinum. Platinum platinum Ruthenium ruthenium A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of Ruthenium. A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of Rhodium. rhodium Rhodium dubnium Dubnium A collection of pieces of material. Each piece is a RadioactiveObject of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjCzy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dubnium</a>; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. A collection of pieces of material. Each piece is a RadioactiveObject of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDfn-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bohrium</a>; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. Bohrium bohrium Seaborgium seaborgium A collection of pieces of material. Each piece is a RadioactiveObject of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv7sCxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Seaborgium</a>; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. Zinc zinc A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViGO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Zinc</a>. A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of Hafnium. Hafnium hafnium cadmium Cadmium A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of Cadmium. molybdenum The collection of all molybdenum. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkI-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnalloyedMetal</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVif9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Molybdenum</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rrjGFaiZZQdeCVt61OzI1NQ" class="cyc_term">TransitionMetalElementType</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMc3h5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalResourceType</a>. Molybdenum meitnerium Meitnerium A collection of pieces of material. Each piece is a radioactive piece of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhU-s3BwcEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">Meitnerium</a> (element 109). A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of Rhenium. rhenium Rhenium Yttrium A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of yttrium; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. This unit could probably just as well be called Yttrium or YttriumStuff yttrium A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of cobalt. Cobalt cobalt Iridium iridium A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of Iridium. A collection of pieces of material. Each piece is a RadioactiveObject of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvimhkJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hassium</a>; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. hassium Hassium This represents the set of all pieces (i.e., specific collections of nearby molecules) of vanadium; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. vanadium Vanadium A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of Osmium. osmium Osmium A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of nickel. nickel Nickel Iron iron All pieces (i.e., specific collections of nearby molecules) of iron; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of Palladium. palladium Palladium copper Copper A piece of copper; usually -- but by no means necessarily -- in solid form. ununbium A collection of pieces of material. Each piece is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgEFjZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RadioactiveStuff</a>; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. Ununbium mercury Mercury A piece of mercury; this is usually a liquid, at least here on Earth. scandium Scandium All pieces (i.e., specific collections of nearby molecules) of scandium; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of Niobium. Niobium niobium A collection of pieces of material. Each piece is a RadioactiveObject of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwR5W2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rutherfordium</a>; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. Rutherfordium rutherfordium chromium Chromium All pieces (i.e., specific collections of nearby molecules) of chromium; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. Silver silver A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of silver. manganese All pieces (i.e., specific collections of nearby molecules) of manganese; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. Manganese Unununium A collection of pieces of material. Each piece is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgEFjZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RadioactiveStuff</a>; typically, these will be tightly bound into solid form. unununium A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of Zirconium. zirconium Zirconium The element Technetium, atomic number 43. Technetium technetium Gold gold A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of gold. tungsten A piece (i.e., specific collection of nearby molecules) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tungsten</a>. Tungsten The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString TransitionMetalElementType transition metal A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rIGTaIPAIQdaffLzGWDo0Zw" class="cyc_term">MetallicElementType</a>. Instances are such that their valence electrons have more than one shell. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a> of collections of collections (and thus an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rviPYH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionTypeType</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>). A sibling-disjoint collection type is such that its known (i.e. KB-represented) instances are collections that -- save for any that are related to each other by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> and any that are explicitly asserted to be exceptions (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a>) -- are disjoint from each other. <p/> More precisely, each instance <code><b>SIB</b></code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a> is a collection of collections that has the following KB-dependent property: <p/> For any two known instances <code><b>COL1</b></code> and <code><b>COL2</b></code> of <code><b>SIB</b></code>, at least one of the following is known to hold: <pre> (a) (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> <b>COL1</b> <b>COL2</b>) (b) (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> <b>COL2</b> <b>COL1</b>) (c) (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a> <b>COL1</b> <b>COL2</b>) (d) (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a> <b>COL1</b> <b>COL2</b>) </pre> Moreover, note that if <code><b>MT</b></code> is a context (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA1ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>) in which (i) both <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>COL1</b> <b>SIB</b>)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>COL2</b> <b>SIB</b>)</code> hold and (ii) neither <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> <b>COL1</b> <b>COL2</b>)</code> nor <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> <b>COL2</b> <b>COL1</b>)</code> nor <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a> <b>COL1</b> <b>COL2</b>)</code> is known to hold (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP-JvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">knownSentence</a>), then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a> <b>COL1</b> <b>COL2</b>)</code> holds by default in <code><b>MT</b></code>. <p/> For example, in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjakJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologyMt</a> both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a> are instances of the sibling-disjoint collection type <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjK65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologicalSpecies</a>, while neither (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a>) nor (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>) nor (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a>) is known to hold in that context; consequently, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a>) holds by default in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjakJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologyMt</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVji6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologicalTaxon</a> (and its specializations), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwKTnSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganismPartType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwE01SZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RelationshipTypeByArity</a>. <p/> See the generalization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rk8dxOFcGEdaLwgACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointSetOrCollectionType</a>. Also cf. the stronger notion of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWPoRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DisjointCollectionType</a>. sibling disjoint collection type SiblingDisjointCollectionType NonAbducibleCollection The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a> is a sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>. Abductive inferences sometimes involve hypothesizing the existence of entities as part of the explanation of some assertion or set of assertions. Cyc will not hypothesize the existence of instances of the collections that are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a>. Roughly, abductive inferences consume conceptual / theoretical knowledge rather than produce it. So, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a> because Cyc should be employing existing theoretical knowledge about instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> rather than hypothesizing new instances. non abducible collection MetallicElementType type of metal A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkIMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rIGTaIPAIQdaffLzGWDo0Zw" class="cyc_term">MetallicElementType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkI-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnalloyedMetal</a>. Most of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkIuZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElementStuff</a> is an instance of this collection. TransitionMetalElementType transition metal A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rIGTaIPAIQdaffLzGWDo0Zw" class="cyc_term">MetallicElementType</a>. Instances are such that their valence electrons have more than one shell.