]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Efficiency efficiency level The ratio of input to useful output in a system or process. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity productivity efficiency levels efficiency levels of efficiency level of efficiency inefficient Inefficient (VeryHighAmountFn Efficiency) a very high degree of efficiency (MediumToVeryHighAmountFn Efficiency) a medium to very high degree of efficiency a high level of efficiency levels (HighAmountFn Efficiency) a high to very high degree of efficiency (HighToVeryHighAmountFn Efficiency) a medium degree of efficiency (MediumAmountFn Efficiency) a low level of efficiency (LowAmountFn Efficiency) Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString ScriptPerformanceAttributeType A collection of collections. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVidLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScriptPerformanceAttributeType</a> is a type of attribute that can be used to describe the manner in which actions are performed. Examples include: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVit4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Competence</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Precision</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViuZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dexterity</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVigY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Gracefulness</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Creativity</a>, etc. So, e.g., one may run a race with some measure of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVigY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Gracefulness</a>, some measure of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVit4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Competence</a>, etc. script performance attribute type The most general type of attribute describing the manner in which an actor performs an action; specializations of this include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVic8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CorrectnessOfPosture</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVit4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Competence</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Precision</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViuZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dexterity</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVigY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Gracefulness</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Creativity</a>, etc. The elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Precision</a>, e.g., represent the various qualitative levels such as high precision, low precision, etc. manner in which an action is performed PerformanceLevelQuantity The ratio of input to useful output in a system or process. efficiency level Efficiency AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code>COL</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (ANECT) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code>COL</code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code> essentially (i.e. <code>INST</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code>COL</code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code>COL</code>. Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers)) This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not necessarily true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential The ratio of input to useful output in a system or process. efficiency level Efficiency NonAbducibleCollection The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a> is a sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>. Abductive inferences sometimes involve hypothesizing the existence of entities as part of the explanation of some assertion or set of assertions. Cyc will not hypothesize the existence of instances of the collections that are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a>. Roughly, abductive inferences consume conceptual / theoretical knowledge rather than produce it. So, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a> because Cyc should be employing existing theoretical knowledge about instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> rather than hypothesizing new instances. non abducible collection The ratio of input to useful output in a system or process. efficiency level Efficiency The ratio of input to useful output in a system or process. efficiency level Efficiency NonAspectualQuantity A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rLxknOmVZQdeQUJLqO_1Uzg" class="cyc_term">ScalarQuantity</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all "non-aspectual" quantities: those that can always be attributed to an object simpliciter, without specifying a particular aspect or dimension of the object that the quantity has to do with. For example, the degrees of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj_hJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Flammability</a> are non-aspectual; an object could be attributed its flammability-level with a generic binary "hasQuantity" predicate. Conversely, a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Distance</a> is aspect-relative; attributing a distance to any multi-dimensional object is relative to the dimension along which the distance is being measured (compare e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjbZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">lengthOfObject</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">widthOfObject</a>). non aspectual quantity