]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2GzE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterSet</a> is a collection of abstract characters (i.e. a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>). Instances include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvv4vRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UpperCaseLetter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hieroglyph</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqt57ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxiliaryWritingSymbol</a>. For a more specialized collection-type, any instance of which is the set of characters used in some _particular_ writing system, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacterSet</a>. CharacterSet character set character sets FontTypeByStyle font type by style A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2GzE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterSet</a>. Instances are collections of characters that together make up a defined font style. Examples include italics and bold. TimesRoman times roman WritingSymbolCharacterSet writing symbol character set A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacterSet</a> is the collection of characters (i.e. the specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkKC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacter</a>) used as symbols in some particular system of writing. Instances include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJ-pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GaelicLetter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkKg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BengaliCharacter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkIa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RomanLetter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkHGpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChineseCharacter</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkG2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CuneiformCharacter</a>. font type by family A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2GzE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterSet</a>. Instances are collections of characters that together make up a defined font family. Examples include Times and Arial. FontTypeByFamily A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkKC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacter</a> whose instances are all graphemic characters from any system of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj7IpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AlphabeticWriting</a>. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwA1vh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Letter_Alphabetic</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkIa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RomanLetter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkI8ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CyrillicLetter</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvv4vRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UpperCaseLetter</a>. letter of the alphabet Letter-Alphabetic The subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkKC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacter</a> whose instances are auxiliary writing symbols, including punctuation symbols, diacritic symbols, etc. Instances are abstract linguistic objects. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVioRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxiliaryWritingMark</a> for the collection of concrete written and printed tokens of these symbols (i.e. marks on paper and the like). auxiliary writing symbol AuxiliaryWritingSymbol The collection of all cursive characters. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwA1vh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Letter_Alphabetic</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwSwyZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CursiveCharacter</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2GzE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterSet</a>. cursive letter CursiveCharacter The collection of all Unicode-compatible characters: characters that have a binary encoding in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv6pxRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnicodeStandard</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXSRcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnicodeCompatibleCharacter</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>, rather than a specific physical character as written, printed, or displayed. All <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGPR-pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ASCIICompatibleCharacter</a>s are also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXSRcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnicodeCompatibleCharacter</a>s. unicode compatible character UnicodeCompatibleCharacter The collection of all ASCII-compatible characters (and control codes). Each is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> rather than a specific physical character as written, printed or displayed. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGPR-pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ASCIICompatibleCharacter</a> has a binary encoding in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPts15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ASCII</a> Standard. (Note: all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGPR-pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ASCIICompatibleCharacter</a>s are also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXSRcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnicodeCompatibleCharacter</a>s.) ascii compatible character ASCIICompatibleCharacter The collection of all uppercase or capital letters. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwA1vh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Letter_Alphabetic</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvv4vRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UpperCaseLetter</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2GzE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterSet</a>. UpperCaseLetter upper-case letter UncasedLetter The collection of uncased instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwA1vh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Letter_Alphabetic</a>, which are not designated as being either <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvv4vRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UpperCaseLetter</a>s or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv9akB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LowerCaseLetter</a>s. For example, this collection includes <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIxODZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">A_TheLetter</a>, but not <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrJwLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LatinCapitalLetterA</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwF5MUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LatinSmallLetterA</a>. Reference to this collection and its members is appropriate when the issue of case is irrelevant, as in: ''There are twenty-six letters in the modern Roman alphabet''. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv4Y-NpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">uppercaseOfLetter</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIBXGpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">lowercaseOfLetter</a>. uncased letter The collection of all printed characters. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwT1xG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrintedCharacter</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2GzE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterSet</a>. PrintedCharacter printed character arabic numeral The collection of all Arabic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGUpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Numeral</a>s, '0' through '9'. Note that these numerals, despite their name, are not part of the numeric system currently used in the Arabic countries; rather, they appear in the ordinary Western European numeric system. ArabicNumeral A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkKC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacter</a> instances of which are individual abstract characters used as symbols for numbers in some numeric system or other. Instances include the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvwO9qZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArabicNumeral</a>s '0' through '9' and single-character Roman numerals. Numerals from a given numeric system can normally be combined according to the rules of that system to form numeric character-strings that serve as names of numbers. numeral Numeral LowerCaseLetter lower-case letter The collection of all lowercase or letters in an alphabetic system. A written symbol used in mathematical representation. MathematicalCharacter mathematical notation largely pictorial characters used in ancient writing systems, esp. Mayan and Aztec glyph Glyph-Abstract The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2GzE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterSet</a> is a collection of abstract characters (i.e. a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>). Instances include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvv4vRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UpperCaseLetter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hieroglyph</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqt57ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxiliaryWritingSymbol</a>. For a more specialized collection-type, any instance of which is the set of characters used in some _particular_ writing system, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacterSet</a>. CharacterSet character set ObjectType The collection of all collections that are &quot;object-like&quot; in at least one respect. A collection <code><b>COL</b></code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> is <i>not</i> itself an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>; when this happens <code><b>COL</b></code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. <p/> More precisely, for a collection <code><b>COL</b></code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code><b>PARTPRED</b></code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code><b>OBJ1</b></code> and <code><b>OBJ2</b></code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>COL</b>)</code> and <code>(<b>PARTPRED</b> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>OBJ2</b>)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ2</b> <b>COL</b>)</code> does <i>not</i> hold. (Also sufficient for <code><b>COL</b></code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code><b>INVPARTPRED</b></code> of the <i>inverse</i> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(<b>INVPARTPRED</b> <b>OBJ2</b> <b>OBJ1</b>)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code><b>COL</b></code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in <i>nearly</i> all cases, <code><b>COL</b></code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. <p/> Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is <i>not</i> an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. <p/> See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. type of object A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2GzE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterSet</a> is a collection of abstract characters (i.e. a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>). Instances include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvv4vRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UpperCaseLetter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hieroglyph</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqt57ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxiliaryWritingSymbol</a>. For a more specialized collection-type, any instance of which is the set of characters used in some _particular_ writing system, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacterSet</a>. CharacterSet character set A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2GzE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterSet</a> is a collection of abstract characters (i.e. a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>). Instances include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvv4vRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UpperCaseLetter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hieroglyph</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqt57ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxiliaryWritingSymbol</a>. For a more specialized collection-type, any instance of which is the set of characters used in some _particular_ writing system, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacterSet</a>. CharacterSet character set