]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a>. Each instance of this collection is a language which is specified and/or created by (not just described by) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>. Prime specializations of this collection are #$ComputerLanguage and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvp-LnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalLanguage</a>. There is considerable overlap between this collection and #$ArtificialLanguage (languages that are created by agents, rather than having evolved), but whereas each constructed language must be constructed by an agent or agents, formal languages need not be. abstract language FormalLanguage abstract languages http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language MathematicalLanguage A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvp-LnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalLanguage</a> is formalized <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a> used in mathematics to express mathematical notions. The language of set theory, when formalized, is an example of a mathematical language. Usually mathematical languages include a logical language together with some mathematical constants such as '+' or '0'. mathematical language AbstractProgrammingLanguage programming language A specialization of #$ComputerLanguage, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a> is the collection of languages invented for the purpose of composing computer programs (i.e., instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>), as opposed to merely facilitating interaction between pieces of software or indicating how to represent pieces of text. Thus, #$ComputerLanguages such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lisp</a> are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a>, whereas #$ComputerLanguages such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWVukJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HypertextMarkupLanguage</a> are not. DeclarativeProgrammingLanguage Languages that, typically, employ statements about the domain and have built-in search procedures for finding variable assignments that make those statements true. declarative programming language The language used by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rudaTwiQlQdiTsdLYNy1szA" class="cyc_term">CycBehaviorEngine</a> that is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViqDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycL</a> scripts. CBL CycBehaviorLanguage UnifiedModelingLanguage Unified Modeling Language A graphical language designed to be used to specify, visualize, and document models of software systems. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r1cSkZhRsQdiElMDPRDyNxw" class="cyc_term">OWL_WebOntologyLanguage</a> extends <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r4PosbBRrQdiWadzlz0wZaQ" class="cyc_term">RDFS_ResourceDescriptionFrameworkSchema</a> by providing ontology description properties and classes. OWL is subsumed by CycL. OWL has only binary predicates and does not allow functional terms. OWL does not make the Unique Names Assumption. As of 2003, OWL does not support rules. Web Ontology Language OWL-WebOntologyLanguage <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r-SHbVBRnQdiLJr1-SNf0fw" class="cyc_term">RDF_ResourceDescriptionFramework</a> allows the definition of classes and properties in a taxonomy. The classes are equivalent to Cyc collections and the properties are equivalent to Cyc binary predicates. RDF is written in #$XML-MarkupLanguage. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r4PosbBRrQdiWadzlz0wZaQ" class="cyc_term">RDFS_ResourceDescriptionFrameworkSchema</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r1cSkZhRsQdiElMDPRDyNxw" class="cyc_term">OWL_WebOntologyLanguage</a>. Resource Description Framework RDF-ResourceDescriptionFramework StandardGeneralizedMarkupLanguage SGML SGML ('Standard Generalized Markup Language') is a generic #$MarkupLanguage for representing documents. It is an International Standard that describes the relationship between a document's content and its structure. KANI The language designed for the KANI System by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. KANILanguage-PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r4PosbBRrQdiWadzlz0wZaQ" class="cyc_term">RDFS_ResourceDescriptionFrameworkSchema</a> extends <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r-SHbVBRnQdiLJr1-SNf0fw" class="cyc_term">RDF_ResourceDescriptionFramework</a> by providing argument contraints for the RDF properties. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r1cSkZhRsQdiElMDPRDyNxw" class="cyc_term">OWL_WebOntologyLanguage</a>. Resource Description Framework Schema RDFS-ResourceDescriptionFrameworkSchema Geography Markup Language <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_mR0XjbTEdyAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">GML_GeographyMarkupLanguage</a> is an XML grammar defined to describe geographical features. GML-GeographyMarkupLanguage HypertextMarkupLanguage The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWVukJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HypertextMarkupLanguage</a> (usually abbreviated as "HTML") is used to describe and specify the format of pages on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWQvpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWeb_DynamicIndexedInfoSource</a>. It is a variant (a DTD) of the markup language SGML, and is defined in an IETF RFC document. The HTML standard has been revised from time to time. A web page specification that meets the HTML standard should create a correct-appearing page at any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWN8eJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWebClientProgram</a> that accesses the page. HTML ICL The language adapted from Common Logic by the IKRIS project. It differs primarily in that it includes the "ist" operator. Do not assume "ist" as it appears in ICL documents has the same properties as the CycL <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ist</a>. ICL contains basic logical vocabulary like "implies" "forall" "exists", etc. It also contains an inner theory of terms and axioms that interdefine some of the scenario/event vocabulary for a few selected languages including the Process Specification Language (PSL) and CycL. Inner theory terms are prefixed with "isit". This stands for "IKRIS Scenario Inner Theory. IKRISCommonLogic KML-KeyholeMarkupLanguage Keyhole Markup Language <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBGpyQDbUEdyAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">KML_KeyholeMarkupLanguage</a> is a file format used to display geographic data in an earth browser, such as Google Earth or Google Maps. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a>. Each instance of this collection is a language which is specified and/or created by (not just described by) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>. Prime specializations of this collection are #$ComputerLanguage and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvp-LnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalLanguage</a>. There is considerable overlap between this collection and #$ArtificialLanguage (languages that are created by agents, rather than having evolved), but whereas each constructed language must be constructed by an agent or agents, formal languages need not be. FormalLanguage abstract language Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a>. Each instance of this collection is a language which is specified and/or created by (not just described by) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>. Prime specializations of this collection are #$ComputerLanguage and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvp-LnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalLanguage</a>. There is considerable overlap between this collection and #$ArtificialLanguage (languages that are created by agents, rather than having evolved), but whereas each constructed language must be constructed by an agent or agents, formal languages need not be. FormalLanguage abstract language A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a>. Each instance of this collection is a language which is specified and/or created by (not just described by) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>. Prime specializations of this collection are #$ComputerLanguage and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvp-LnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalLanguage</a>. There is considerable overlap between this collection and #$ArtificialLanguage (languages that are created by agents, rather than having evolved), but whereas each constructed language must be constructed by an agent or agents, formal languages need not be. FormalLanguage abstract language Language A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0P5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationConvention</a>. Each instance of this collection is a generative system of signs for transmitting information. These signs are normally conventional and arbitrary in nature, though the case of body language is a (borderline) exception to this. The reality of any given language consists in its being interpretable by some community (usually human -- cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5SKoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanLanguage</a>). This is not quite true of #$ComputerLanguages, however such languages are only possible insofar as some kind of automation of the process of interpretation (by computers) has been effected. In the case of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeadLanguage</a>s, the community may not longer exist (although even if no-one can _speak_ such languages any longer, currently-interpretable texts often remain, cf., for example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AtticGreekDialect</a>). Languages are most often spoken, but not always (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-Tl2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SignLanguage</a>). It is also worth noting that not every system of signs is a language; a certain richness of possible expression is required. Thus <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv30UjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MorseCode</a>, for example, though a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0P5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationConvention</a>, is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a>. Finally, this collection is not intended to cover the special vocabulary and usages of a scientific, professional or other group, or a characteristic style of speech or writing (e.g. 'Shakespearean language'). language first-order collection An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNooX_CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> is the collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (q.v.) Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. FirstOrderCollection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a>. Each instance of this collection is a language which is specified and/or created by (not just described by) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>. Prime specializations of this collection are #$ComputerLanguage and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvp-LnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalLanguage</a>. There is considerable overlap between this collection and #$ArtificialLanguage (languages that are created by agents, rather than having evolved), but whereas each constructed language must be constructed by an agent or agents, formal languages need not be. FormalLanguage abstract language