]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. InternetStandard An internet standard is a kind of product specification, applicable to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVtUyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkingProgram</a>s, concerning how the product behaves in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnZe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Internet</a> environment. Internet standard http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_standard Internet standards NIPRNetProtocol <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdGoXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NIPRNetProtocol</a> is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhfdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkLayerProtocol</a> which ensures that packets which adhere to it are routed only on machines on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvril6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NIPRNet_PathSystem</a>. NIPR Net Protocol The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV_d4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InternetStandard</a> that governs the distribution of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwRwJz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Usenet</a> news postings on the internet. Network News Transfer Protocol NetworkNewsTransferProtocol IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Protocol 802-11WirelessLANProtocol SecureSocketsLayer the Secure Sockets Layer The Secure Sockets Layer: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWa8TpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationsSecurityProtocol</a> and an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV_d4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InternetStandard</a>. A popular packet-oriented protocol from Columbia University for transferring text files and binary files on both full-duplex and half-duplex 8 bit and 7-bit serial connections. KermitFileTransferProtocol Kermit File Transfer Protocol TCP-IP TCP/IP TCP/IP: a group of network protocols and an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV_d4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InternetStandard</a>. InternetProtocol IP <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvvn3fJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InternetProtocol</a> is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhfdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkLayerProtocol</a> which is commonly used in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWLk_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TCP_IP</a>. NTP: an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV_d4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InternetStandard</a>, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rxo_VAfHDEdaO6gABAkLVdg" class="cyc_term">MachineProtocol</a>, and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvzDExpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkProtocol</a>. NTP NetworkTimeProtocol gopher A once-popular distributed document retrieval system which started as a Campus Wide Information System at the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWaHMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnivOfMinnesota</a>. Gopher servers provide a menu of documents, which may be plain text files, sound or image files, submenus, or other Gopher object types. They may be stored on other hosts, and may provide the ability to search through certain files for a given string. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5_2ppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Gopher_InternetProtocol</a> has been largely superceded by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWQvpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWeb_DynamicIndexedInfoSource</a>, which includes access to Gopher documents as one of its access schemes, but also includes html, which has the ability to combine images, sound, and text on a single page. Gopher-InternetProtocol file transfer protocol FileTransferProtocol A client-server communication protocol which allows a user on one computer to transfer files to and from another computer over a TCP/IP network. UDP <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwUCL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UserDatagramProtocol</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFMKvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransportLayerProtocol</a>. It is commonly used in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWLk_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TCP_IP</a> and therefore in network communications on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnZe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Internet</a>. UserDatagramProtocol Common Gateway Interface CommonGatewayInterface An internet standard specifying how to pass arguments from a form on a website, etc., to an external program or script (often written in Perl and residing in a 'cgi-bin' directory) running on the web server. It also defines some environmental variables and allows the browser to be sent a customized webpage or be redirected to a url. InternetProtocol-v6 The newest version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvvn3fJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InternetProtocol</a>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhfdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkLayerProtocol</a> which is commonly used in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWLk_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TCP_IP</a>. IPv6 The Trivial File Transfer protocol ("TFTP") is a simple protocol to transfer files. It is designed to be small and easy to implement, so its implementations lack most of the features of regular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwVZKTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FileTransferProtocol</a> implementations. It uses the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwUCL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UserDatagramProtocol</a> (UDP) and can only read or write files from remote servers -- it cannot list directories, and currently has no provisions for user authentication. It is often used by servers to boot diskless workstations, X-terminals, and routers. TFTP TrivialFileTransferProtocol HTTP HypertextTransferProtocol <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJobjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HypertextTransferProtocol</a> is the common protocol used by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWQvpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWeb_DynamicIndexedInfoSource</a> in communications between client and server via a browser. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol A protocol for updating and searching on-line directory services over <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWLk_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TCP_IP</a>. LDAP defines a directory format that arranges entries containing email addresses, photographs, and other information about individuals (whether they are in stand-alone directory servers or in X.500 directories) in a hierarchical tree structure. These directories can be accessed over the Internet to retrieve information or edit information that the user has access to. Large organizations such as universities use LDAP for online 'phone books' containing publicly available information about students and staff. LightweightDirectoryAccessProtocol SIPRNetProtocol <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwU3mZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SIPRNetProtocol</a> is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhfdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkLayerProtocol</a> which ensures that packets which adhere to it are routed only on machines on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvp9VppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SIPRNet_PathSystem</a>. SIPR Net Protocol IPX-SPX IPX/SPX TelnetProtocol The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvxNZKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TelnetProtocol</a> requires an application, also called telnet, that logs on to other computers over the internet. Both computers must support the telnet protocol in order for telnet to work. It is like two computers using modems to connect via phone lines with a phone number, but instead, the computers use telnet to connect via the internet with a telnet address. telnet protocol <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv6bbn5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransmissionControlProtocol</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFMKvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransportLayerProtocol</a>. It is commonly used in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWLk_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TCP_IP</a> and therefore in network communications on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnZe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Internet</a>. TCP TransmissionControlProtocol The Internet Control Message Protocol, which is an extension of the original <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvvn3fJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InternetProtocol</a> that provides error and congestion control. ICMP InternetControlMessageProtocol InternetStandard An internet standard is a kind of product specification, applicable to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVtUyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkingProgram</a>s, concerning how the product behaves in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnZe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Internet</a> environment. Internet standard A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVib1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Specification</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkF3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProductStandard</a> is a precise description applied to the instances of a particular instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjKkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProductType</a>. Manufacturers of that product type agree explicitly or in practice, or they may obey a government requirement, to make product designs following the specifications stated in the standard, so that products within the type will all have certain features in common. For example, telephones and television sets fulfil certain product standards. The resultant interchangeability allows compatibility with other devices and products, with public utilities, commercial trading expectations, and government purchasing requirements. ProductStandard product standard Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString InternetStandard An internet standard is a kind of product specification, applicable to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVtUyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkingProgram</a>s, concerning how the product behaves in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnZe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Internet</a> environment. Internet standard ObjectType The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. type of object InternetStandard An internet standard is a kind of product specification, applicable to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVtUyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkingProgram</a>s, concerning how the product behaves in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnZe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Internet</a> environment. Internet standard InternetStandard An internet standard is a kind of product specification, applicable to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVtUyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkingProgram</a>s, concerning how the product behaves in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnZe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Internet</a> environment. Internet standard