]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. scientific discipline A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypotheses, observations, and problems, which together constitute the informational content of a systematic endeavor to explain (some part of) the natural world by rational (and frequently, quantifiable) methods, including, but not limited to, induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> include the traditional hard sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVixcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Chemistry</a>), the life sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVili5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Biology</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViFU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Genetics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1ipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Toxicology</a>), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>. ScientificFieldOfStudy sciences science scientific fields scientific field scientific disciplines atmospheric science This is the collection of scientific fields of study whose object of study is some aspect of planetary atmospheres, especially that of our planet. AtmosphericScience environmental studies This is a fairly broad collection of scientific and quasi-scientific disciplines having in common a concern about the state of the environment. This collection would include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQCEJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ecology</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2gpf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ecotoxicology</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFhOGJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SustainableAgriculture</a>, the study of energy consumption and conservation, and the study of climate change. EnvironmentalStudies This is a collection of scientific disciplines having to do primarily with large-scale features of the earth. It includes <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_ZpX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AtmosphericChemistry</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj7vJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Geology</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmIGKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Meteorology</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkHOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Oceanography</a>. earth science EarthScience SocialScienceType This is a collection of fields of study which have to do with the behavior of social groups. It includes <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVvb3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sociology</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqlEOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Economics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVigVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Anthropology</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLM7zJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoliticalScience</a>. social science Molecular ecology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. MolecularEcology molecular ecology Nanotechnology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Nanotechnology nanotechnology artificial intelligence ArtificialIntelligence The field of artificial intelligence. ophthalmology Ophthalmology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. (FocalFieldOfStudyFn Ophthalmologist) phycology Phycology Phycology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. This is the study of sedimentary rocks. sedimentary petrology SedimentaryPetrology condensed matter physics CondensedMatterPhysics This is the study of the special properties of matter in a highly condensed state. This is the subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVili5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Biology</a> which attempts to formalize various aspects of biological study by employing models, usually mathematical. TheoreticalBiology theoretical biology Pathology pathology This is the study of disease. It is divided into surgical pathology, clinical pathology, and anatomical pathology. Surgical pathology attempts to determine from a sample of tissue taken from a patient in surgery what disease if any the patient has. This primarily involves microscopic inspection of the sample. Clinical pathology is essentially the application of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvcI1JJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MedicalChemistry</a>. Anatomical pathology deals with the post-mortem determination of cause of death. Transgenics transgenicity This is the study of mutations and how to produce mutated strains of species. PlantGenetics This is the subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViFU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Genetics</a> dealing with the genetics of plants. plant genetics GameTheory Game theory: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. game theory Acoustics <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAdAqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Acoustics</a> is the scientific study of sound. acoustics analytical chemistry <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtlXXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnalyticalChemistry</a> is the science of making quantitative measurements of properties of chemical compounds. It employs techniques like mass spectrometry, electromagnetic radiation spectroscopy, titration, and gravimetric analysis. AnalyticalChemistry BiologicalAnthropology Biological anthropology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. biological anthropology The general study of computational systems and their applications computer science ComputerScience geodesy This is the study of the earth's surface as a whole, in particular the determination of its shape and the relation of its shape to the direction of gravity. Geodesy primatology Primatology Primatology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. SpatialAnalysis This is the study of how to apply computer data and imaging capabilities to cartography. spatial analysis neurology Neurology is the study of the nervous system. Neurology psychometrics Psychometrics Psychometrics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Demography Demography: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. demography dendrology Dendrology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Dendrology Aquatic ecology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. AquaticEcology aquatic ecology AristotelianLogic Traditional logic based on the logical treatises of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViJoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Aristotle</a> and further developed during the Middle Ages. Aristotelian logic Systematics-Taxonomy Systematics, aka taxonomy, is the study of the interrelationships between different taxonomic groups of living things. Systematists use observable characteristics of living things to attempt to reconstruct the events of evolution. In the last few decades, advances in molecular genetics have made it increasinly possible to determine which plant and animal types are most closely related. taxonomy An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. It is the branch of quantum physics that is concerned with the theory of fields; it was motivated by the question of how an atom radiates light as its electrons jump from excited states. QuantumFieldTheory quantum field theory <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQJgz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EvolutionaryBiology</a> is the study of the development of species over time. It's main tenets may be called Darwinian or Neo-Darwinian. evolutionary biology EvolutionaryBiology This is the study of how to diagnose disease from the examination, generally microscopic, of tissues. It is what is practiced by someone engaged in Surgical Pathology. Histopathology histopathology archeology Archaeology the scientific study of historic or prehistoric peoples and their cultures by analysis of their artifacts, inscriptions, monuments, and other such remains, esp. those that have been excavated. ForensicEntomology Forensic entomology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. forensic entomology genetics Genetics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. Genetics plasma physics This is the study of the special properties of matter in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhh7xJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Plasma_StateOfMatter</a>. PlasmaPhysics pure mathematics An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. It is the branch of mathematics that studies and develops the principles of mathematics for their own sake rather than for their immediate usefulness. PureMathematics Behavior analysis: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. BehaviorAnalysis behavior analysis QuaternaryPaleoecology This is the study of ecosystems throughout the recent period of geological time (the Quaternary period). quaternary paleoecology mycology This is the study of fungi. Mycology Geology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Geology geology mechanical engineering Mechanical engineering: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. MechanicalEngineering ChaosTheory A subfield of Physics which focuses on the study of stochastic movement. chaos theory Physics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Physics physics Astronomy Astronomy: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. astronomy The mathematical study of probabilities. probability theory ProbabilityTheory Tissue engineering: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. tissue engineering TissueEngineering igneous petrology IgneousPetrology This is the study of igneous rocks. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> whose basic assumptions hold that the Earth's surface is fragmented into a dozen or more plates of various sizes, and that these <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-KysZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TectonicPlate</a>s are moving relative to one another and sliding upon a hotter inner layer. PlateTectonics plate tectonics StatisticalMechanics statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Mathematics mathematics Mathematics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. palaeobotany This is the study of ancient, especially extinct, plants. More directly, the study of the fossils of such. Paleobotany graph theory Graph theory: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. GraphTheory PotentialTheory potential theory SolidMechanics solid mechanics Solid mechanics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Chemical engineering: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. chemical engineering ChemicalEngineering CulturalAnthropology cultural anthropology Cultural anthropology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. OrdinaryDifferentialEquations Ordinary differential equations: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. ordinary differential equations quaternary studies QuaternaryStudies This is the study of the earth during its most recent geological period, the Quaternary period, which is roughly the last 2 million years. science Science Science: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Biological psychology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. biological psychology BiologicalPsychology Microscopy microscopy Microscopy: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Developmental biology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. developmental biology Embryology food science FoodScience This is the scientific study of food. It subfields include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdykrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Nutrition</a>, the study of food-borne illnesses, and studies related to the manufacture of food products. SportsScience Sports science: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. sports science This is the subfield of physics which combines <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvyRnpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecialRelativity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJlgTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeneralRelativity</a>. All modern physical theories pretty much take <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGL5AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RelativityTheory</a> for granted. RelativityTheory relativity theory Paleoanthropology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. paleoanthropology Paleoanthropology group theory GroupTheory This is the study of mathematical objects on which an associative binary function is defined for which there is an identity element (F(x,e) = x, for all x) and an inverse (some y for each x such that F(x,y) = e). The integers under addition is an example. Operations Research is the use of scientific methodology in the formulation, analysis, and solution of problems of decision making. operations research OperationsResearch Biochemistry: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. biochemistry Biochemistry This is the study of marine life. MarineBiology marine biology FluidMechanics Fluid dynamics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. fluid dynamics number theory NumberTheory This is the study of the special (arithmetic) properties of the ring of integers and other similar rings. Agronomy agronomy <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r-bYxCI1oQdiKbMnqsfy8nw" class="cyc_term">Agronomy</a> is the application of science to agricultural concerns such as crop production and soil management. Cell biology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. cell biology CellBiology This is a mathematical theory of information according to which information is the amount of uncertainty a message eliminates. This can be measured in terms of entropy. InformationTheory information theory electrochemistry Electrochemistry <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvi_ng5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Electrochemistry</a> is the study of the movement and separation of charge in matter. As such, it is the study of the transfer of electrons. It has a number of applications in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtlXXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnalyticalChemistry</a>. This is the study of glaciers. Glaciology glaciology Partial differential equations: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. partial differential equations PartialDifferentialEquations Combinatorics combinatorial analysis Combinatorial analysis: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Neuropsychology Neuropsychology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. neuropsychology micropaleontology Micropaleontology Micropaleontology is a division of paleontology devoted to fossils of particularly small size. They are important index fossils because they evolve rapidly and are geographically widespread. They are used in the petroleum industry for subsurface correlation. flower gardening Flower gardening: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Floriculture Differential equations: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. DifferentialEquations differential equations artifical intelligence planning AI-Planning The subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi4wJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtificialIntelligence</a> concerned with the representation of plans, the construction of plans based on operators, and the recognition of the plans held by another agent. Evolutionary psychology is the science that seeks to explain through universal mechanisms of behavior why humans act the way they do. Evolutionary psychology seeks to reconstruct problems that our ancestors faced in their primitive environments, and the problem-solving behaviors they created to meet those particular challenges. From these reconstructed problem-solving adaptations, the science then attempts to establish the common roots of our ancestral behavior, and how those common behavioral roots are manifested today in the widely scattered cultures of the planet. EvolutionaryPsychology evolutionary psychology Microbiology The field of study concerning living organisms, or their parts or constituents, that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. microbiology quality engineering QualityEngineering Quality engineering: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. kinesiology Kinesiology the science dealing with the interrelationship of the physiological processes and anatomy of the human body with respect to movement. category theory CategoryTheory Category theory: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Stereology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Stereology stereology MathematicalPhysics Mathematical physics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. mathematical physics QuaternaryGeology This is the subfield of geology which studies the earth during the Quaternary period. The Quaternary is a subdivision of geological time which covers the last two million years up to the present day. (The exact duration is a matter of debate with estimates of the onset of the Quaternary Period placed at between 1.8 million years and 2.6 million years by different authors) The Quaternary can be subdivided into two epochs; the Pleistocene (two million years to ten thousand years ago) and the Holocene (ten thousand years ago to the present day. quaternary geology Bacteriology Bacteriology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. bacteriology The branch of mathematics that deals with general statements of relations, utilizing letters and other symbols to represent specific sets of numbers, values, vectors, etc., in the description of such relations. Algebra algebra Simple Arithmetic you learned in grammar school, that cashier, bookkeepers, etc. use. Arithmetic arithmetic ComputationalFluidDynamics Computational fluid dynamics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. computational fluid dynamics bioanalytical chemistry This is analytical chemistry restricted to chemical substances found in living things. BioanalyticalChemistry Natural history: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. natural history NaturalHistory Geriatrics-Field geriatrics This is the field of study which is mastered by specialists in geriatric medicine. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP3CHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeriatricDoctor</a>. StructuralGeology This is the study of the large-scale geological structures on the earth, particularly the tectonic plates. stuctural geology Astrophysics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Astrophysics astrophysics Crystallography crystallography Crystallography: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. geophysics Geophysics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Geophysics medical physics Medical physics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. MedicalPhysics PhysiologicalPsychology Physiological psychology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. physiological psychology The study of the theoretical foundations of computation computer science theory ComputerScienceTheory microbial ecology This is the study of the ecosystems in which micro-organisms live. MicrobialEcology Palynology palynology This is the study of pollen and spores. It is particularly relevant to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpV9JZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Paleobotany</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvyRnpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecialRelativity</a> is a physical theory in which there is no absolute notion of time but only time relative to inertial frames of reference. special relativity theory SpecialRelativity cryogenics This is the subfield of engineering which deals with very low temperatures, how to achieve them, and what their effects are. Cryogenics linguistics The scientific study of human languages Linguistics histology This is the study of tissues. Pathologists typically have expertise in this area. Histology entomology The subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj8MZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Zoology</a> dealing with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi495wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Insect</a>s. Entomology proof theory This is the subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvijb4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalLogic</a> which studies proofs independently of model-theoretic interpretation. ProofTheory cosmology <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMZ2VZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cosmology</a> is the study of the large-scale structure and origin of the universe. Cosmology Toxicology toxicology Toxicology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. calculus Calculus The subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a> that studies continuously changing quantities (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rva2V1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">quantityChangeFunction</a>). The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvvGod5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Calculus</a> is characterized by the use of infinite processes, involving passage to a limit-the notion of tending toward, or approaching, an ultimate value. The English <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViN4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physicist</a> Isaac Newton and the German <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkB15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematician</a> G. W. Leibniz, working independently, developed the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvvGod5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Calculus</a> during <font color="#ff0000">#$TheSeventeenthCenturyAD</font>. ComputationalStructuralMechanics Computational structural mechanics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. computational structural mechanics SoilMineralogy Soil mineralogy: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. soil mineralogy software engineering SoftwareEngineering Software engineering: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. geomorphology Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that shape them over time. Geomorphology Tribology Tribology is defined as the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion, and embraces the study of friction, wear and lubrication. tribology computational chemistry ComputationalChemistry This is the application of computer modelling techniques to problems in chemistry. Linguistics-Computational The field of Computational Linguistics: the study of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>s using computational models. Subfield of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi4wJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtificialIntelligence</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPvTepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CognitiveScience</a> by some lights computational linguistics LinguisticTypology linguistic typology Linguistic typology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_WGcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Aerobiology</a> is the subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVili5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Biology</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_jiSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AerosolScience</a> that focuses on suspended particles -- particularly volatile ones -- that are living, contain living organisms, or were released from living organisms. Aerobiology aerobiology PlantPathology Plant pathology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. plant pathology Virology This is the study of viruses. It is closely related to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkG9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Microbiology</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvoFG2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MolecularBiology</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViFU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Genetics</a>. virology topology Topology-FieldOfStudy This is the study of the notion of continuity in the most abstract sense. Topological spaces are sets imbued with a class of subsets which, intuitively, tells one which elements (points) are near which other elements. Quantum chromodynamics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. quantum chromodynamics QuantumChromodynamics AquaticEcotoxicology This is the study of the toxins which may be found in aquatic environments. aquatic toxicology Forensic psychology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. ForensicPsychology forensic psychology This is the study of how chemical compounds, particularly organic compounds, affect the body. A central focus is on the treatment of disease. Pharmacology pharmacology molecular biology MolecularBiology This is the study of cellular processes at the molecular level. It is closely related to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvlcFCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Virology</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViFU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Genetics</a>. Cryotechnology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Cryotechnology cryotechnology quantum electrodynamics QuantumElectrodynamics Quantum electrodynamics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. biometrics Biometrics The branch of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVili5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Biology</a> which deals with its data statistically and by mathematical analysis. The field of study concerning the effects of low tempratures on living organisms. Cryobiology cryobiology quantum physics QuantumMechanics An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. It is the branch of physics based on quantum theory. model theory This is the subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvijb4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalLogic</a> which studies the interpretation of formal languages in set-theoretic structures. ModelTheory Optics optics Optics is the subfield of physics which studies the properties of light, in particular, its interactions with lens, reflectors, and similar items. Anatomy-FieldOfStudy This is the study of what parts organisms have. It generally applies only to fairly large multi-cellular animals with a variety of tissues and organs. anatomy <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwUmC3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Phrenology</a> is an attempt at theorizing in a scientific way the belief that the nature and the characteristic of mental faculties is strongly correlated to the shape of skull of individual. It has been initiated with the work of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJEa3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FranzJosephGall</a>. After a period of great popularity in Europe it became out of fashion and eventually discredited as a science. Its interest rests in the elucidation of how modern theories of cerebral localization and neuroscience are rooted in such corpus of beliefs as early XIXth century phrenological theories. Especially, its influence needs to be linked to that of the later work of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQXBKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pierre_PaulBroca</a>. Phrenology phrenology MolecularBiochemistry molecular biochemistry Molecular Biochemistry emphasizes the correlation of function with the known structure of biological macromolecules and supramolecular structures such as multienzyme complexes, membranes, and viruses. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTykCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ethnobotany</a> is the study of how different cultures use plants for food, medicine, and materials. Ethnobotany ethnobotany Cryptography Cryptography: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. cryptography geomatics This is a field which applies computerized cartography, spatial analysis, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvnC9xpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeographicInformationSystem</a>s to cartography in the broadest sense. Geomatics Physiology Physiology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. physiology <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJlgTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeneralRelativity</a> is a physical theory which represents gravity as the (local) geometry of spacetime, this latter being represented as a four-dimensional differentiable manifold. Geometry thus becomes a dynamic element. general relativity theory GeneralRelativity forensic meteorology ForensicMeteorology Forensic meteorology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. recursion theory RecursionTheory This is the subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvijb4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalLogic</a> which studies computable and effectively enumerable sets. This is logic in the modern sense. Its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi87JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subFields</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_1KSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RecursionTheory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYrSAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModelTheory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv36W7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetTheory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWRWVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProofTheory</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv68KkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaLogic</a>. mathematical logic MathematicalLogic Biogeography: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Biogeography biogeography Zoology The field of study concerned with nonhuman animals, their parts, populations, and social systems, viewed as physical objects of scientific study. zoology Nutrition The study of diet and its effects on health. nutrition Exobiology exobiology This is the study of extra-terrestrial life. It may be carried on in a scientific manner, in which case at this point it primarily involves studying how life forms can arise and what sorts of conditions on other planets could be hospitable to life, or it can be more akin to mythology and religious belief. Cartography cartography This is the study of maps and map-making. metrology Metrology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Metrology ergonomics Ergonomics Ergonomics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. This is the study of metamorphic rocks. metamorphic petrology MetamorphicPetrology immunology This is the study of the immune system. Immunology Radioecology This is the study of how radioactivity affects ecosystems. radioecology computational engineering ComputationalEngineering Computational engineering: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. SafetyEngineering safety engineering Safety engineering: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. econometrics This is the application of statistical techniques to solving problems and modelling theories in economics. Econometrics The study of mathematical sets or classes, collections of entities. Since most of the entities of modern mathematics may be regarded as particular sets or classes of objects, set theory is often regarded as the study of the foundations of mathematics. set theory SetTheory geometry Geometry An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. It is is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ruDakwMfgEdmAAAACs6hRjg" class="cyc_term">PureMathematics</a> of points and lines and curves and surfaces. Plant physiology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. PlantPhysiology plant physiology cognitive psychology CognitivePsychology Cognitive psychology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. GeneticEngineering genetic engineering The branch of biology dealing with the splicing, and recombining, of specific genetic units from the DNA of living organisms: it is used to modify the existing genetic codes to produce new, or improved, species, valuable biochemicals, etc. information processing InformationScience An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. It is the science concerned with gathering and manipulating and storing and retrieving and classifying recorded information. ComputerScienceSystems The subfield of ComputerScience that deals with the construction of actual computer systems level software, such as operating systems, compilers, langauge design, etc. computer science systems restoration ecology This is the application of methods and knowledge embodied in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQCEJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ecology</a> to the problem of how to restore various <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_UD6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ecosystem</a>s to the state they were in before detrimental intervention by humans. RestorationEcology This is a field in which computer modelling and computational capabilities are applied to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvq2R25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Astrophysics</a>. computational astrophysics ComputationalAstrophysics botany Botany The field of study which concerns plants and plant systems, viewed as physical objects of scientific study. The objects of botanical study are represented in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjG4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Plant</a> and related Cyc constants. Sanitary engineering: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. SanitaryEngineering sanitary engineering chemistry Chemistry RiemannianGeometry Riemannian geometry Riemannian geometry: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. The discipline concerned with the application of the principles and methods of physics and the other physical sciences to the solution of biological problems. The relatively recent emergence of biophysics as a scientific discipline may be attributed, in particular, to the spectacular success of biophysical tools in unravelling the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the fundamental hereditary material, and in establishing the precisely detailed structure of proteins such as hemoglobin in order that the position of each atom may be known. Biophysics and the intimately related subject <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvoFG2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MolecularBiology</a> now are firmly established as cornerstones of modern biology. (from Encyclopaedia Britannica) Biophysics biophysics memetic science Memetic Science is the name of a new field that deals with the quantitative analysis of cultural transfer. The units of cultural transfer are entities called "memes". In a nutshell, memes are to cultural and mental constructs as genes are to biological organisms. Examples of memes are ideas, tunes, fashions, and virtually any cultural and behavioral unit that gets copied with a certain degree of fidelity. Memetics Criminology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Criminology criminology Biology biology The field of study which concerns living things and systems of living things (other than human society), viewed as physical objects of scientific study. environmental chemistry This is essentially the application of chemistry to the diagnosis of and solution to environmental problems. It deals with such things as the analysis of toxins in samples and the explanation of ozone holes and global warming. EnvironmentalChemistry biotechnology The knowledge involved in the application to industry of advances made in the techniques and instruments of research in the biological sciences. The growth of the field of biotechnology is closely linked to the development in the 1970s of genetic engineering (the directed alteration of genetic material). Biotechnology had its origins in a 1980 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that `a live human-made microorganism is patentable matter'. (in part from Encyclopaedia Britannica). Biotechnology CivilEngineering civil engineering Civil engineering: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. Ornithology Ornithology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. ornithology Aerodynamics Aerodynamics: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. aerodynamics meta logic MetaLogic This is the subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvijb4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalLogic</a> which treats logical systems as object languages and proves various results, such as the Completeness Theorem, about them. This field is often simply referred to as Logic. aerosol physics AerosolPhysics <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAT-UZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AerosolPhysics</a> is a subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_jiSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AerosolScience</a> that focuses on the study of the suspension of solid and liquid particles in gas. It involves the study of the diffusion of particles, transport phenomena, and relevant aspects of statistical mechanics. aerosol science <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_jiSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AerosolScience</a> is the study of the suspension of solid and liquid particles in gas. AerosolScience Numerical analysis: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. NumericalAnalysis numerical analysis Forensic anthropology: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. forensic anthropology ForensicAnthropology aquaculture Aquaculture Aquaculture: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. MedicalChemistry medical chemistry This is primarily the sort of chemistry practiced in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdws9ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pathology</a> laboratories, and the theory behind it. It may be considered a kind of applied chemistry. OrganicChemistry This is the study of organic compounds, i.e., compounds containing <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjIQpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Carbon</a>. organic chemistry OpticalMineralogy optical mineralogy This is the subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWeZ9ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mineralogy</a> in which the microscopic properties of minerals in thin section are studied. ParticlePhysics particle physics This is the subfield of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a> which studies subatomic particles. ForensicScience forensic science Forensic science: a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a>. The study of the way different regions of the surface of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkL_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlanetEarth</a> vary in such aspects as climate, elevation, soil, vegetation, population, land use, industries, and states. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj7vJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Geology</a>. Geography geography scientific discipline A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypotheses, observations, and problems, which together constitute the informational content of a systematic endeavor to explain (some part of) the natural world by rational (and frequently, quantifiable) methods, including, but not limited to, induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> include the traditional hard sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVixcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Chemistry</a>), the life sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVili5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Biology</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViFU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Genetics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1ipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Toxicology</a>), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>. ScientificFieldOfStudy A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. Education-Social-Topic education-social-topic Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString scientific discipline A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypotheses, observations, and problems, which together constitute the informational content of a systematic endeavor to explain (some part of) the natural world by rational (and frequently, quantifiable) methods, including, but not limited to, induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> include the traditional hard sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVixcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Chemistry</a>), the life sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVili5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Biology</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViFU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Genetics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1ipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Toxicology</a>), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>. ScientificFieldOfStudy The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the <font color="#ff0000">#$KRAKEN</font> application to resolve natural language ambiguities. KE clarifying collection type KEClarifyingCollectionType scientific discipline A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypotheses, observations, and problems, which together constitute the informational content of a systematic endeavor to explain (some part of) the natural world by rational (and frequently, quantifiable) methods, including, but not limited to, induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> include the traditional hard sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVixcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Chemistry</a>), the life sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVili5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Biology</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViFU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Genetics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1ipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Toxicology</a>), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>. ScientificFieldOfStudy scientific discipline A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypotheses, observations, and problems, which together constitute the informational content of a systematic endeavor to explain (some part of) the natural world by rational (and frequently, quantifiable) methods, including, but not limited to, induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> include the traditional hard sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVixcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Chemistry</a>), the life sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVili5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Biology</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViFU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Genetics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1ipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Toxicology</a>), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>. ScientificFieldOfStudy ObjectType The collection of all collections that are &quot;object-like&quot; in at least one respect. A collection <code><b>COL</b></code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> is <i>not</i> itself an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>; when this happens <code><b>COL</b></code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. <p/> More precisely, for a collection <code><b>COL</b></code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code><b>PARTPRED</b></code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code><b>OBJ1</b></code> and <code><b>OBJ2</b></code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>COL</b>)</code> and <code>(<b>PARTPRED</b> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>OBJ2</b>)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ2</b> <b>COL</b>)</code> does <i>not</i> hold. (Also sufficient for <code><b>COL</b></code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code><b>INVPARTPRED</b></code> of the <i>inverse</i> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(<b>INVPARTPRED</b> <b>OBJ2</b> <b>OBJ1</b>)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code><b>COL</b></code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in <i>nearly</i> all cases, <code><b>COL</b></code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. <p/> Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is <i>not</i> an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. <p/> See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. type of object FieldOfStudy A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a> is a particular area of study, with its own distinctive set of theories, hypotheses, and problems. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a> are typically the subject of teaching and/or research within instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViWRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicDepartment</a> (q.v.), although one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViWRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicDepartment</a> may cover several instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQB9LpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtHistory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi4wJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtificialIntelligence</a>. field of study InformationAndCWs-Topic information and CWs topic