]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A judge in a governmental legal system. People who judge competitions or conflicts are elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a>, but are not elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Judge judge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge jurists magistrate magistrates jurist judges Chief Justice of the United States ChiefJusticeOfTheUnitedStates The collection of Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court. Mufti A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cleric</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjBdZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mufti</a> is a religious leader in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjLJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Islam</a> who deals with questions of jurisprudence. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjBdZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mufti</a> is the only type of religious leader who can issue a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvshPLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fatwa</a>, which gives him the power of handling cases where there is doubt among other authorities. The Arabic root for 'mufti' and 'fatwa' is the same: f-t-w Mufti William J Brennan Jr WilliamJBrennanJr <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> justice from October 16, 1856 to July 20, 1990. Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from August, 1993 to the present. RuthBaderGinsburg Ruth Bader Ginsburg Breyer StephenBreyer Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from August, 1994 to the present. Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from September, 1986 to the present. Scalia AntoninScalia OliverWendellHolmesJr Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr The son of the poet, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCIpg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OliverWendellHolmesSr</a>, and a noted justice on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a>. Holmes is credited with being one of the first legal scholars to articulate the philosophy of legal positivism, defined roughly as the position that all laws in the human, legal sense are essentially arbitrary, deriving their authority solely from the power of the state, and not from any natural law or objective moral scheme. Thurgood Marshall ThurgoodMarshall SamuelAlito Alito Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from January, 2006 to the present. StephenGBreyer Stephen G Breyer William O Douglas WilliamODouglas <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> justice from April 17, 1939 to January 19, 1980. ByronWhite Byron White Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from April 16, 1962 to June 28, 1993. Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from October, 1990 to the present. DavidSouter Souter Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from February, 1988 to the present. AnthonyKennedy Kennedy Potter Stewart <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> justice from October 14, 1958 to July 3, 1981. PotterStewart Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from December, 1975 to the present. John Paul Stevens JohnPaulStevens Harry Blackmun HarryBlackmun JusticeClarenceThomas Justice Clarence Thomas LewisPowellJr Lewis Powell Jr ClarenceThomas Thomas Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from October, 1991 to the present. adjudicator A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a> is a person or organization whose responsibility it is to judge or evaluate. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a> include officials at sporting events (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVievZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SportsOfficial</a>), judges of various competitions, as well as judges in the legal sense (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>). JudicialAgent A judge in a governmental legal system. People who judge competitions or conflicts are elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a>, but are not elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Judge judge public sector worker A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvooD95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Professional_Adult</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjsQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Employee</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSectorEmployee</a> is a person employed by a local, state (or provincial), or national government. This collection includes those who are employed directly in government administration (for example, elected and appointed officials, tax officers, and police and military personnel) as well as those who are employed in support services wholly funded by the government (for example, postal employees, public school teachers, firefighters, and unionized government workers). Although numerous subcollections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSectorEmployee</a> constitute instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> (q.v.), work in the public sector displays too much variation for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSectorEmployee</a> to be considered an occupation-type in its own right. PublicSectorEmployee person A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVilYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndividualAgent</a>: the collection of all persons. Personhood is a vague, emotionally loaded yet extremely salient concept with respect to common-sense reasoning. Something is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> if it is an individual <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> with perceptual sensibility, capable of complex social relationships, and possessing a certain moral sophistication and an intrinsic moral value, or -- if it lacks certain of these characteristics -- is a member of a distinct type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (usually a species) which generally possesses such characteristics and is therefore acknowledged by other members of that type as a person within their social systems. Most currently known instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rIcwFloGUQdeMlsOWYLFB2w" class="cyc_term">HomoSapiens</a> but there is no reason why all need be (consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdRsSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hobbit</a>s in the fictional world of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi8lZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LordOfTheRings_Trilogy</a>). They need not even be instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVim7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologicalLivingObject</a> (consider the possibility of a person-like AI). Also note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> excludes non-human &quot;legal persons&quot;, who are, however, included in the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgent</a>. Person Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString legal professional An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi6tJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalProfessional</a> is a person working in the field of law. Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi6tJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalProfessional</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjLMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lawyer</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3JEB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Paralegal</a>. LegalProfessional A judge in a governmental legal system. People who judge competitions or conflicts are elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a>, but are not elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Judge judge <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> <b>TERM1</b> <b>TERM2</b>)</code> means that <code><b>TERM2</b></code> is <i>broader</i> than <code><b>TERM1</b></code>, in an extremely general sense of &quot;broader&quot;. For example, <code><b>TERM2</b></code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code><b>TERM1</b></code> if any of the following hold:<br><br> <code><b>TERM2</b></code> is a collection that subsumes <code><b>TERM1</b></code>; <br> <code><b>TERM2</b></code> is a collection that has <code><b>TERM1</b></code> as an instance; <br> <code><b>TERM2</b></code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code><b>TERM1</b></code> as parts; <br> <code><b>TERM2</b></code> has <code><b>TERM1</b></code> as a part; <br><br> This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> <b>TERM1</b> <b>TERM2</b>)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. BT broaderTerm A judge in a governmental legal system. People who judge competitions or conflicts are elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a>, but are not elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Judge judge A judge in a governmental legal system. People who judge competitions or conflicts are elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a>, but are not elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Judge judge the union of { judges, courts } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet Judge Court-Judicial)) PublicSectorEmployeeTypeByPosition A collection of collections. Each instance is a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSectorEmployee</a> whose instances are all of the same position. public sector employee type by position A judge in a governmental legal system. People who judge competitions or conflicts are elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a>, but are not elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Judge judge