]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. type of thing Collection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all collections of things. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> is a kind or type of thing whose instances share a certain property, attribute, or feature. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> is the collection of all and only cats, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOckfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryFunction</a> is the collection of all and only functions taking two arguments. The notion of collection is fundamental to the Cyc ontology, and is thus difficult to define in a precise and substantive way. But it is instructive to compare it to the mathematical notion of a set (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a>). Like a set, a collection is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpJ-nSEkJQdeC8NLkYPDBBw" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> (i.e. aspatial and atemporal) that is not an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (cf.), but instead has elements (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGWaK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">elementOf</a>). Unlike a set, however, the elements or "instances" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a>) of a given collection can vary from context to context, and it is possible for distinct collections to have exactly the same elements (i.e. to have the same <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwN2YGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">extent</a>) with respect to a given context. For example, the (non-reified) collections "Chordate" and "Renate" are co-extensional in the context of the present-day actual world, but have differring extents with respect to hypothetical contexts in which there exist creatures having hearts but not kidneys. This difference is sometimes summarized by saying that sets are "extensional" things and collections are "intensional" things. Many, though by no means all, of the collections reified in the Cyc ontology correspond to natural kinds or classes. It is particulary useful to reify collections that are difficult to define precisely, but about which there are many common-sense rules and other things to state. For example, it would not be worthwile to introduce a constant 'WhiteCat', both because it's easy to define the collection of white cats in terms of more general, already-reified notions (e.g. '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEcGC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionIntersection2Fn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBjWwGHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)'), and because there's not much to say about that particular collection. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsX6vHnS6EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteCollarWorker</a>, on the other hand, is a good collection to have reified, as it is hard to define precisely, yet is a collection about which there are many things to say. Some of the many reified specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_being kinds of thing collection sort kind of things type kinds kind types of thing kind of thing types kinds of things sorts type of things collections types of things script structural attribute Each instance of this collection is a collection of instances of #$ScriptedEventType that share a certain temporal order property. Each such collection represents the different sort of type-level temporal order properties that #$ScriptedEventTypes can have. ScriptTypeByStructuralOrderFeature FAC tory candidate spatial thing for comparison A placeholder concept. Instances of this are candidate spatial thing types that may be suitable for being offered up in some sentence in the web game. FACToryCandidateSpatialThingForComparison military interest type MilitaryInterestType PrintedStyleOfWriting printing Writing in which characters are printed according to some sort of standard. Unlike the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHDt9OHSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">CursiveStyleOfWriting</a>, in printed writing, characters tend to be separated from one another by whitespace, since the writing implement is lifted off the page frequently. chemical weapons convention classification type ChemicalWeaponsConventionClassificationType A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqnb8fND7QdiZX-qIHI0OFQ" class="cyc_term">RuleEvaluationOutput</a> is a class of rules that have been induced by Cyc and given some value via the use of a rule review tool. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqnb8fND7QdiZX-qIHI0OFQ" class="cyc_term">RuleEvaluationOutput</a> include #$NonsensicalRule, #$IntelligibleRule and #$GoodRule. RuleEvaluationOutput rule evaluation output PoliticalEvent-StateLevel-Positive positive state-level political event A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj_3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnimalTypeByBodyPosition</a> is the collection of all animals that have some particular spatial relationship to some object. These will usually be functionally denoted. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r1gw7PLCtQdeMgs1C4aY2kg" class="cyc_term">StraddlingFn</a> JimsSawhorse) returns the collection of animals straddling JimsSawhorse. body position attribute AnimalTypeByBodyPosition diplomatic event, level negative DiplomaticEvent-StateLevel-Negative linguistic mood InformationBearingObjectMood AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code>COL</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (ANECT) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code>COL</code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code> essentially (i.e. <code>INST</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code>COL</code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code>COL</code>. Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers)) This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not necessarily true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential In OWL-Full this is the collection of all OWL classes -- i.e. collection. OWL class OWLClass SBHL module type SBHLModuleType OWL indeterminate individual OWLIndeterminateIndividual The collection of OWL individuals having the default non unique names assumption. Unlike Cyc which has the Unique Names Assumption (different named terms are default <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWPzQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">different</a>) OWL provides <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4robv6phbFQdiM86Z2jmH52g" class="cyc_term">owlSameAs</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rfmZI9hVgQdiMzozHwXxWWw" class="cyc_term">owlDifferentFrom</a> to explicitly assert identity relationships between individuals. A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r4JduCl4uEduAAAACs2IKfQ" class="cyc_term">TerroristAttackTargetTypeType</a> is a collection a specialization of which, TYPE, appears in a (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv61r6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">relationInstanceExists</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPf_kJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">intendedAttackTargets</a> FOO TYPE) assertion for some FOO. The instances which have been selected offer the most complete coverage of the collections appearing in those assertions. It is useful, but not necessary, to think of this collection as a near faceting of the (non-reified) collection of things targeted in terrorist attacks. TerroristAttackTargetTypeType terrorist attack target type type VisitingLocation visiting location violent event, level ViolentEvent-StateLevel This collection contains all collections that are asserted to subcollections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvef7BpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DownwardLocation_Underspecified</a>. Creation of this constant facilitates representation of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvef7BpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DownwardLocation_Underspecified</a> as it allows us to take advantage of ke facilitation rules (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvfB8eJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KEFacilitationPredicate</a>) that consider the facets of a collection when an instance of a collection is created. DownwardLocationBySpecifity type downward location PathArtifactTypeByStructuralFeature A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rkitpVHSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">PathArtifactTypeByStructuralFeature</a> is a collection of paths with a certain structural feature. These collections can be used to describe the properties of the structure of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOopwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PathArtifact</a>. See, e.g. the subcollection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r4Q7o3HStEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">PathTypeBySurfaceFeature</a>. constructed route attribute pragmatically decontextualized collection PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a> is a collection that, while not a genuine ANECT (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a>) is for purely pragmatic reasons handled by the Cyc system as if it were an ANECT. Instances include certain <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>s such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ReifiableFunction</a>, and certain non-KB-dependent collections such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgEoapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymmetricBinaryPredicate</a>. DiplomaticEvent-StateLevel state-level diplomatic event BayesDiscreteOutcome bayes discrete outcome The type collection of all Bayesian Network variable Outcomes intended for probability reasoning. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rP05jBuIcQdaF9oSePoPu2g" class="cyc_term">BayesDiscreteOutcome</a>s are collections that characterize a possible outcome state of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4raXD4KuIbQdaIkN1x-tbuPw" class="cyc_term">BayesVariable</a>. thing type by evaluative feature ThingTypeByEvaluativeFeature social status collection type SocialStatusCollectionType This is a collection of collections. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3se9CqwRQdeerO-u48cI_g" class="cyc_term">SocialStatusCollectionType</a> is itself a coherent collection of collections that pertain to human behavior. This definition is very broad, and embraces attributes of behavior (personal and social) one might read about in a sociology, psychology, cultural anthropology, economics, political science, or social philosophy course -- in short, in the (human) `behavioral' sciences. clearance SecurityClearance designation A very general attribute. Any thing that has been designated or that has an assigned classification in some recognized classification scheme will have a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZW1T_nSxEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Designation</a>. Designation ProductTypeByLicensingFeature product type by licensing feature A collection of collections. Each instance of this collection is a collection of instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjKkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProductType</a>s that have a particular sort of license. fixed-order Cyc collection A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a> and the collection of all and only those <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>s whose own instances are all of the same fixed "order", where order is understood as follows. Let individuals (i.e. instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>) be "zeroth-order" things, collections of (only) individuals "first-order" collections, ..., and collections of (only) <code>N</code>th-order things "<code>(N</code>+1)th-order" collections. More precisely, then, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> <code>COL</code> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNooX_CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a> if and only if it is an <code>N</code>th-order collection (for <code>N</code> >= 1). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNooX_CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHM37Dh_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FourthOrderCollection</a>, and all specializations of these. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNooX_CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a> include all of the preceding examples except <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> and its specializations. Note that any #$quotedCollection (q.v.) is a fixed-order collection, since all of its instances are CycL expressions. Thus (e.g.) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZczwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLDenotationalTerm</a> is fixed-order. It would be a mistake to infer, from the fact that the instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZczwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLDenotationalTerm</a> happen to denote things of different orders, that this collection is itself not of fixed-order. An example of a collection that is not fixed-order is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpJ-nSEkJQdeC8NLkYPDBBw" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a>, which is a varied-order collection since it contains both (zeroth-order) abstract individuals and (first-and-higher-order) collections. Note that, although they are mutually disjoint, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNooX_CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNs-F0CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">VariedOrderCollection</a> (q.v.) do not constitute a partition of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>: since the notion of order described above is not applicable to sets, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a> (e.g.) and its specializations are neither fixed-order nor varied-order collections. FixedOrderCollection OWL anonymous class OWLAnonymousClass The collection of OWL anonymous classes not having a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4riWEqWBRyQdiVxMme-dz2_w" class="cyc_term">UniformResourceIdentifier</a> (URI). positive state-level economic event EconomicEvent-StateLevel-Positive Cyc canonicalizer directive argument constraint CanonicalizerDirectiveArgConstraintCollection Instances of this collection are argument constraints which, when they or their specs are used as the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvuItPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a> for a relation, express certain directives to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvfVbYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycCanonicalizer</a> when canonicalizing that argument of that relation. For example, if it is asserted that (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBGJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arg1Isa</a> PRED #$KeywordVariableTemplate), then the canonicalizer will permit keywords as variables within the first argument of PRED. motion picture award category MotionPictureAwardCategory A collection of collections that represent categories in which awards are given for achievement in motion pictures. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrau-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademyAwardCategory</a> for those that pertain to the Academy Awards. VariedOrderCollection A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a> and the collection of all and only those <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>s some of whose instances (or instances of instances, or instances of instances of instances, etc.) are of different "orders", where order is understood as follows. Let <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>s be "zeroth-order" things, collections of (only) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>s "first-order", ..., and collections of (only) Nth-order things "(N+1)th-order". A more precise, recursive definition, then, is: a collection COL is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNs-F0CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">VariedOrderCollection</a> if and only if COL has instances INST1 and INST2 such that either (i) INST1 and INST2 are of two different fixed orders N1 and N2, (ii) INST1 is of the fixed order N1 and INST2 is a varied-order collection, or (iii) INST1 and INST2 are both varied-order collections. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpJ-nSEkJQdeC8NLkYPDBBw" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> is a varied-order collection since it contains both (zeroth-order) abstract individuals and (higher-order) collections. Other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNs-F0CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">VariedOrderCollection</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjjo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>. Note that (by clauses ii and iii) any generalization of a varied-order collection is varied-order; and (by clause iii) any (non-empty) specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNs-F0CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">VariedOrderCollection</a> is varied-order. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNooX_CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a> (q.v.) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNs-F0CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">VariedOrderCollection</a> do _not_ constitute a partition of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>: since the notion of order described above is not applicable to sets, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a> (e.g.) and its specializations are neither fixed-order nor varied-order collections. variable-order Cyc collection This attribute is usually asserted of objects or events insofar as they comply with some standard or rule. Typically, attributes of this type would be involved in three-way relations between an object or event and some standard. Something may have the attribute of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv7ugBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Compliant</a> with respect to one standard and be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwUGKZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonCompliant</a> with respect to another standard. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgiQZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">complianceStatus</a>. ComplianceStatusAttribute compliance status attribute The collection of all possible statuses of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYRiPJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLIndexedTerm</a>. This includes #$PublicConstant, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TooGeneral_CycTermStatus</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj7xJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InWrongMicrotheory</a>, etc . CycLTermStatusCollection Cyc term status class of stock A collection of specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Stock</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvn44cpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StockTypeByBusinessAndClass</a> is a collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Stock</a> that are offered by a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViSlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalCorporation</a> and all of whose instances are of the same stock type (e.g. all are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvzUZiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PreferredStock</a>). StockTypeByBusinessAndClass A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvubaMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConventionalClassificationType</a> is a collection that corresponds to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional classification system (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwNgIyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ClassificationSystem</a>) used by people. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement or custom, without changing the intrinsic natures of the actual objects in the category. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvubaMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConventionalClassificationType</a>s include categories in biological taxonomy, standard classifications in data dictionaries and thesauri, cultural taboo classes, military doctrinal classes, and named calendar intervals. ConventionalClassificationType conventional classification type ThingByNormalityInContext thing by normality in context The collection of types of things by their normality in some (normally) highly restrained context. The context need not be reified, but merely implied by the predicate (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZreu5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">normalityOfThing</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhQHL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">normalityForAgent</a>) used for attributing such a normality to the thing. Normality is (at least currently) a squishily-defined concept, and it is certainly dependent on the observer and context about which the assertion is made. Normality is different from but related to frequency (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVifUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">frequencyOfActionType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj61JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Frequency</a>). For example, I might see my pet exotic fish every day, but the fish still is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvy06DZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Exotic_Unusual</a> in Austin, although it may not be on a Belizian reef. To make assertions involving normality, use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZreu5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">normalityOfThing</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhQHL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">normalityForAgent</a>. ultimatum Ultimatum information designation type A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLYP4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationDesignationType</a> is a collection of attributes. These attributes are those designations or classifications of information that are part of some recognized classification scheme. For instance, the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r8V4egHSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">GovernmentInformationDesignation</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLYP4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationDesignationType</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r8V4egHSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">GovernmentInformationDesignation</a> are attributes of information that are part of US government's scheme of classification, eg, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rOd9rYHS6EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">TopSecretInformation</a>. Other examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r89MkCHSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">CorporateInformationDesignation</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r8eu4vHSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">GovernmentAffiliatedInformationDesignation</a>, and others. InformationDesignationType structural path system A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvvv7n5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PathSystemType_Structural</a> is a collection of path systems that share a certain kind of structure. Examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjWzRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PointFinitePathSystem</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGAke5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NodeFinitePathSystem</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvbAGLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinkFinitePathSystem</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkiKgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FinitaryJunctionPathSystem</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPNIGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SimplePathSystem</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveIS75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Multigraph</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqLEmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FiniteMultigraph</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rviabPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SimpleGraph_GraphTheoretic</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXPttZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConnectedPathSystem</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvr4OzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Semi_DirectedPathSystem</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwKdFypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DirectedPathSystem</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvv_nU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BidirectedPathSystem</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdnP8ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DirectedAcyclicPathSystem</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVv4mJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BoundedDirectedPathSystem</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLoMMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DirectedMultigraph</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrPfJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DirectedGraph</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtXKWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DirectedAcyclicGraph</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwKbRUpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BoundedDirectedAcyclicGraph</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv6RIhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkFlowSystem_Bounded</a>. PathSystemType-Structural The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4riNEYo2FYEdeHbAACs6Mzww" class="cyc_term">MicrotheoryDimension</a>s denotes the set of different slices of context space. microtheory dimension MicrotheoryDimension Trove trove CAEFolderRelevanceTag CAE folder relevance tag ModalityFeature modality feature NLCollection Cyc-NL collection The collection of collections which are used to denote linguistic objects and object types. clarifying collection type ClarifyingCollectionType A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>. Instances are collections that are usefully invoked for purposes of resolving ambiguity and confusion that arise from the use of non-perspicuous languages. Suppose a human or other intelligent agent uses a language, such as a natural language, that is rife with ambiguity, and uses a word WORD of that language whose intended reference is unclear: in the context WORD might refer to THING1 or to THING2, but not both. One strategy for resolving this ambiguity is to find properties of THING1 and THING2, say P1 and P2, that distinguish them from one another, and ask the speaker whether by "WORD," s/he intended to refer to something with P1, or to something with P2. For example, the speaker might use the word "bank," and in response one might ask whether a financial institution or a piece of shoreline was meant. Clearly, what values of P1 and P2 are chosen cannot be arbitrary; asking whether the speaker meant to refer to a multi-individual agent versus a non-agentive place is not as effective as asking the speaker to choose between the "financial institution" and "shoreline" interpretations described above. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> just are those collections -- such as the collection of financial institutions -- that might plausibly be invoked to resolve cases of ambiguity of the kind described here. In particular, suppose TYPE1 is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> and TYPE2 is not, and THING is an instance of both TYPE1 and TYPE2. The fact that (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> TYPE1 <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a>) is a reason to prefer TYPE1 over TYPE2 when calculating possible clarifying properties for THING. HumanlyDecidableCollection humanly decidable collection This is the collection of all collections that are such that actual humans can comprehend their membership criteria and can, at least in favorable circumstances, determine, for things which are in fact members of the collection, that these things are members. Such collections cannot, for example, contain infinitely complex things or even things of such great finite complexity that no actual human could comprehend them or decide whether they belonged to the collection. SBHL module tag SBHLModuleTag degree of porn relation DegreeOfPornRelation These are webesearch enhancement attributes. They are used for predicting with what frequency web search queries for material is a search for pornographic material. A collection of collections. Each instance of this collection is a collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s that are damaged in a similar sort of way. These collections represent damage of a generic nature such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rWf4IunTAEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Torn</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rlR44WHS_EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Burnt</a>. damage attribute non scalar TangibleObjectTypeByGenericDamage-NonScalar state-level political event PoliticalEvent-StateLevel Exotic-Unusual An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rWy_aoNp4Qdeb1v0-_kS3Gw" class="cyc_term">ThingByNormalityInContext</a>. The collections of all things that are intriguingly unusual and rare in the indicated (often highly restrictive) context. Exotic things are often foreign, but need not be. Spices were exotic to Europeans of the 15th century, but not to those of the 21st. exotic thing associated action type infocon level AssociatedActionType-InfoconLevel PoliticalEvent-StateLevel-Negative negative state-level political event Event-StateLevel-Negative negative state-level event IntimidationType intimidation type caeuser created collection CAEUserCreatedCollection This is the collection of collections created by users of the CAE. field combining method FieldCombiningMethod Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQwhi5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldCombiningMethod</a> are methods for combining component <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6jtZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LogicalField</a> instances into their composite fields. specified Cyc collection SpecifiedCollection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvs3oDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecifiedCollection</a> is the collection of all collections that are subsets of some specified <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a>. goal situation by success status <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNBbbxnStEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">GoalSituationBySuccessStatus</a> is a collection of collections. Each instance is a collection of #$GoalSituations that share a similar success status. These instances represent statuses that can apply to #$GoalSituations to describe whether a given goal is successful, actively being pursued, relevant to the current state of affairs etc. GoalSituationBySuccessStatus A collection of collections. Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rbEngJGwWEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">CollectionClosedUnderSpecialization</a> is a collection <code>COLL-TYPE</code> with the following property: If the collection <code>COLL</code> is an instance of <code>COLL-TYPE</code>, then for any specialization <code>SPEC</code> of <code>COLL</code>, <code>SPEC</code> is also an instance of <code>COLL-TYPE</code>. Notable examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>. collection closed under specialization CollectionClosedUnderSpecialization consolidation Consolidation <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rnok8HGY1QdiHJog-3t_Iqw" class="cyc_term">EvaluatedNumericalRating</a>, a sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgO4J1rPdQdeSI-yK7eTL3w" class="cyc_term">EvaluativeQuantity</a>, is a collection of collections. The instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rnok8HGY1QdiHJog-3t_Iqw" class="cyc_term">EvaluatedNumericalRating</a> are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> whose instances all share a common evaluation relative to some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rm9k7NGY1QdiJ1Y1tVJlStw" class="cyc_term">EvaluativeCriterion_Numerical</a>. What distinguishes this collection from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgO4J1rPdQdeSI-yK7eTL3w" class="cyc_term">EvaluativeQuantity</a> is that the evaluations include assigning a number to the collection such that individuals can be compared based on the number assigned to the collection of which they are a member. For example, a sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rnok8HGY1QdiHJog-3t_Iqw" class="cyc_term">EvaluatedNumericalRating</a> could be the set of weekly rankings for instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP3teJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Song_CW</a> by the organization responsible for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvc75fJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RollingStone_TheMagazine</a>. 'This is Rolling Stone's number one song this week.' assigns that individual song to a collection that is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rnok8HGY1QdiHJog-3t_Iqw" class="cyc_term">EvaluatedNumericalRating</a>. The collection 'Rolling Stone's Number One Song' is such that at any given time there is exactly one instance of it. However, this is not a necessary feature of the instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rnok8HGY1QdiHJog-3t_Iqw" class="cyc_term">EvaluatedNumericalRating</a>. evaluated numerical rating EvaluatedNumericalRating candidate KB completeness node CandidateKBCompletenessNode A collection of collections. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvyGj9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnderspecifiedCollectionType</a> is a collection of of objects or stuffs that may bridge any of the domains of literality and metaphoricity, space and time, or physical and intangible. Each type of underspecified thing is intensionally neutral with regard to such issues; the type exists to allow underspecification to occur at the relational level, thus releasing Natural Language (NL) semantics from the need to specify precise semantic structures when such a responsibility is essentially post-NL (i.e., one of real-world reasoning). Inference rules should be used to bridge between underspecified predicates and fully-specified predicates. For instance,(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvlKosJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">contains_Underspecified</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViUM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Love</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1G895wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiddharthaGautama</a>) is an underspecified (and conventionally-metaphoric) means of stating 'Siddhartha is in love'. Inference rules which encode the common-sense relationship between abstract-states and containment are responsible for producing the fully-specified assertion (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl1W4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">feelingTypeExperienced</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1G895wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiddharthaGautama</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViUM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Love</a>) from this underspecified form. So why use the underspecified form at all? Firstly, it conforms to human thought processes as visible through language use (many, many empirical studies support this). Secondly, it greatly simplies the processes of lexical semantics and NL parsing. UnderspecifiedCollectionType type of underspecified collection TimeIndependentCollection time independent collection A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvzndCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeIndependentCollection</a> is a collection whose membership cannot change over time. Examples of time-independent collections are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0YfN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalObject</a>. By contrast, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFronJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Supermodel</a> is clearly a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a> (q.v.). A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYLfOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThingTypeByCapability</a> is a collection that represents the degree to which something is capable of performing some function. capability level ThingTypeByCapability A collection of collections. Each instance is a collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwS68M5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing_Localized</a> that share some specific sequential structural property. These collections characterize physical properties specific to objects that can be conceived of as `sequential' in a broad sense. Examples: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZ2MkenS9EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Uninterrupted_SequentialStructure</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rRrS3tHS6EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Interrupted_SequentialStructure</a> etc.. object type by sequential structural feature ObjectTypeBySequentialStructuralFeature WorkloadStatus workload status collection order The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNooX_CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a>s which include every collection of that same fixed order. These include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (zero-order), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHM37Dh_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FourthOrderCollection</a>. If higher order collections are defined, they will also be members of this collection. CollectionOrder cursive the cursive style of writing for the different writing systems CursiveStyleOfWriting squeeze Squeeze FAC tory object type value buckets FACToryObjectTypeValueBuckets Each instance of this collection will be a collection of object types that, via the web game, have all been categorized as having a similar sort of value. These values can range from being found in a particular room in a house -- "things (types) found in a kitchen" -- to having instances that are similar volumes or size. EconomicEvent-StateLevel state-level economic event licensing attribute A collection of collections. Each instance of this collection is a collection of objects that are licensed by some, perhaps implicit, authority. ObjectTypeByLicensingAttribute WordNetWorkflowStatus word net workflow status The collection of WordNet workflow status collections. The collection of object types that have instances that are all, roughly, microscopic. microscopic sized object type MicroscopicSized-ObjectType Normal-Usual The collection of all things that are common, everyday, usual, unnoteworthy, etc. in the indicated (often highly-specific and unreified) context. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZreu5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">normalityOfThing</a> amd <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhQHL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">normalityForAgent</a> for the means of specifying the context in which something is an instance of this collection. normal thing CycTestQueryConstantRunByStatus cyc test query constant run by status An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvytlApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArbitraryUnion</a> is a collection whose extent is the arbitrary agglomeration of two or more other collections. Merely being a union of two other collections is not sufficient -- the union must be an arbitrary one in which it is difficult to state any interesting property about the union other than the specification of the collections which together make up its extent. For example, a concept like CoyoteOrRoadRunner would likely be an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvytlApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArbitraryUnion</a>, whereas <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>, which is the union of #$MalePerson and #$FemalePerson is definitely not. ArbitraryUnion arbitrary union SentenceEvaluationOutput A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rocH-uL_mQdiRZpx8DlOJkA" class="cyc_term">SentenceEvaluationOutput</a> denotes a property that can be assigned to a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFp8RpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLPropositionalSentence</a> by some judge/reviewer, when it is presented to the reviewer in either <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViqDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycL</a> or in a translation to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5SKoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanLanguage</a>). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rocH-uL_mQdiRZpx8DlOJkA" class="cyc_term">SentenceEvaluationOutput</a> include #$RidiculousCycLSentence, #$PlausibleCycLSentence, and #$TrueCycLSentence. Since, these collections represent a judgment that results from some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi7B5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Evaluating</a> of a sentence , each instance of this collection is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv03CuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">notAssertibleCollection</a>. Each instance of this collection has a related <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV56npwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnaryPredicate</a>. sentence evaluation output non empty collection NonEmptyCollection A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rVwwqbE7rQdmaWqcELb2oPw" class="cyc_term">NonEmptySetOrCollection</a>. A collection is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_3mf2qedQdmNjeDW39lDKA" class="cyc_term">NonEmptyCollection</a> if and only if it has at least one instance. Some collections, aguably, are by their very nature necessarily non-empty; e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a>. Conversely, some collections are non-empty in some contexts and empty in others; e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBg3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Horse</a> is non-empty in the context of the present-day actual world but empty in certain counterfactual contexts in which horses never existed. Similarly, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a> might be empty at certain times and non-empty at certain other times; e.g. the collection of female US presidents is currently empty but will hopefully become non-empty some time in the near future. This last example demonstrates that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_3mf2qedQdmNjeDW39lDKA" class="cyc_term">NonEmptyCollection</a> is itself a time-dependent collection. Note that each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_3mf2qedQdmNjeDW39lDKA" class="cyc_term">NonEmptyCollection</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rlyZyQm22EdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">intersectsWith</a> (q.v.) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rDKZQEKVnQdmACrINeAfsGw" class="cyc_term">EmptyCollection</a>. DiplomaticEvent-StateLevel-Positive diplomatic event, level positive A collection of collections of collections. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a> is the collection of all (and only) types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>s. More precisely, a thing COLLTYPE is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a> if and only if COLLTYPE is a non-empty collection all of whose instances are collections. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPzQbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByCulture</a>, each of whose instances is the collection of all persons who participate in some particular human culture, is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>. Important specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWPoRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DisjointCollectionType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rviPYH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionTypeType</a>. CollectionType type of collection term suggestor term type <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rJqpbKugAQdiGTOft0_QwFg" class="cyc_term">TermSuggestorTermType</a> is a collection of collections of CycL terms. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rJqpbKugAQdiGTOft0_QwFg" class="cyc_term">TermSuggestorTermType</a> is a collection of terms that has been represented in the Cyc KB to optimize the functioning of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rXWGIHugAQdiM6oH60QpADA" class="cyc_term">TermSuggestor</a>. TermSuggestorTermType TransformationOfOneValueToAnotherInSKSI This is the collection of situation types in which one value is transformed into another in the context of SKSI encoding or decoding statements. Instances of these collection are associated with descriptions that indicate to Cyc how to do the required transformation. Note that this includes the "null" transformation in which the value is simply passed along without change. TransformationOfOneValueToAnotherInSKSI A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rva142HSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">AgentTypeByInterest</a> is a collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a>s who share an interest in some thing. These will usually be functionally denoted. For example, an agent who likes to collect postage stamps might be a member of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rogxo0rLuQdedKJC7aXGqng" class="cyc_term">HobbyInterestFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1Ks5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PostageStamp</a>s). Alternatively, she might be a member of (ProductInterestFn <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1Ks5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PostageStamp</a>s) if she wants to use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1Ks5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PostageStamp</a>s to send mail. Use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ro7VkWrLtQdeOfurgz1y32A" class="cyc_term">hasInterest</a> to relate an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> and the instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rva142HSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">AgentTypeByInterest</a> to which the agent belongs. agent type by interest AgentTypeByInterest BBNEntityType A specialization of #$BBNTagTranslationConstant. Instances are constants which are used to translate the mark-up tags which are used by BBN's SERIF tool to represent different entity types. BBN entity type EconomicEvent-StateLevel-Negative negative state-level economic event state-level military event MilitaryEvent-StateLevel WorkflowStatusOfAssertion workflow status of assertion purposeful thing A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwNeYnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulActionFeature</a> is a collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>. These collections can be used to meaningfully ascribe to purposeful actions various features; e.g. that they are successful or unsuccessful, well-planned or spontaneous, important or of no consequence, etc.. PurposefulActionFeature empty collection A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1ZxY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EmptySetOrCollection</a> (q.v.). A collection is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rDKZQEKVnQdmACrINeAfsGw" class="cyc_term">EmptyCollection</a> if and only if it has no instances. Some collections are by their very nature necessarily empty; e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv7LKYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Nothing</a> (q.v.). Conversely, some collections are empty in some contexts and non-empty in others; e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhn_I5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Unicorn</a> might be empty in the context of the actual world but non-empty in certain mythological contexts. Similarly, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a> might be empty at certain times and non-empty at certain other times; e.g. the collection of female US presidents is currently empty but will hopefully become non-empty some time in the near future. This last example demonstrates that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rDKZQEKVnQdmACrINeAfsGw" class="cyc_term">EmptyCollection</a> is itself a time-dependent collection. Note that each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rDKZQEKVnQdmACrINeAfsGw" class="cyc_term">EmptyCollection</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a> (q.v.) every collection -- including itself. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_3mf2qedQdmNjeDW39lDKA" class="cyc_term">NonEmptyCollection</a>. EmptyCollection A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a> is a collection whose membership changes over time. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPzX35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LiquidFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>) is a time dependent collection. A given portion of water might be an instance of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPzX35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LiquidFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>) in the summer, and an instance of the disjoint collection (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPzX0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SolidFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>) in the winter. In contrast, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvzndCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeIndependentCollection</a> (q.v.) because the collection of integers does not change its membership over time. time dependent collection TimeDependentCollection A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rkBjx4Dg4EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">CollectionWithAnEventLikeOrder</a> is a collection whose instances are conventionally regarded as being ordered by some relation <code>RELN</code>, where <code>RELN</code> orders the members of <code>COL</code> in the manner in which events are ordered in linear time. More precisely, a collection is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rkBjx4Dg4EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">CollectionWithAnEventLikeOrder</a> just in case its instances are conventially regarded as being ordered by a relation <code>RELN</code> such that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvztTgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalOrdering</a> whose <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvlGiF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">baseSet</a> is <code>COL</code>, and whose <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEFqoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">orderingRelation</a> is <code>RELN</code>, is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHgPKvG6XQdeNVbS28NXHtw" class="cyc_term">EventLikeOrdering</a> (q.v.). For example, the instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Distance</a> are conventionally regarded as being ordered by the relation greater than, and this ordering is event-like. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Distance</a> is a collection with an event-like order. collection with an event-like order CollectionWithAnEventLikeOrder A collection of collections. This collection consists of various collections that represent different types of document/list structures. GraphicalStructureType graphical structure type configuration complexity The collection of attributes held by configurations in virtue of their complexity. This might be measured in terms of the difficulty of reconstructing or deconstructing the object holding the relevant attribute or in terms of the difficulty of explaining the structure of the objects configured in the situation. Note that this is intended to hold of configurations because while we speak of complexity in other situations it is not clear that we are referring to the same thing, it is likely best to reify different complexity attributes to talk of other kinds of complexity, e.g., complexity of a math problem. ConfigurationTypeByComplexity bpv item type BPVItemType FacetInstanceCollection facet collection A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1fLiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FacetInstanceCollection</a> is a collection that is an instance of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvprlOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FacetingCollectionType</a> (q.v.). For example, the facet-instance-collection (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBVDJsPLMQdiZD5jLVkyKUw" class="cyc_term">WineOfVintageFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjympwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">YearFn</a> 1926)) is an instance of the faceting-collection-type <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rWdpZhPLLQdiKEtsuZMndzQ" class="cyc_term">WineTypeByVintage</a>. MilitaryRankType military rank type The collection of all military rank systems, each being an ordered collection (system) of rank attributes for a particular country and military organization. This is a 'type', or collection of collections. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rJJh33H8BEdaAAAABAjVgzA" class="cyc_term">rank_Military</a> JohnSmith <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7k_rSHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Corporal_Rank</a>), (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7k_rSHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Corporal_Rank</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roJBu1nSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">USArmyRank</a>) and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roJBu1nSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">USArmyRank</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvoun4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryRankType</a>). ToolUsageLevel A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r6pVvknPrEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ToolUsageLevel</a> is the collection of all users of a tool at a particular skill level. These will usually be functionally denoted. For instance, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rMj5TAqjRQdeX94EQifIB2Q" class="cyc_term">ExpertUsageFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjSgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SolderingIron</a>) denotes the subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> such that each instance of that subcollection is an expert at using a soldering iron. Instances of this collection are also denoted by a set of more specialized functions relating just to software usage. For example, (#$NoviceSoftwareUsageFn <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4riNGXwP2fQdaZXrfbbzQmow" class="cyc_term">MSWindows</a>) denotes the subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> such that each instance of that subcollection is a novice user of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4riNGXwP2fQdaZXrfbbzQmow" class="cyc_term">MSWindows</a>. tool usage level the union of { things that exists in time, types of thing } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet TemporalThing Collection)) SetOrCollection intensional or extensional set A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjltpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalThing</a>. Something is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a> just in case it is a collection (i.e. an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>) or a mathematical set (i.e. an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a> and instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> (and thus instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>) share some basic common features. All instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> and all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a> (and thus all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>) are abstract entities, lacking spatial and temporal properties. Nearly all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> (except "empty" collections) and nearly all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a> (except the empty set; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvfjtrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheEmptySet</a>) have "elements" (i.e. instances or members; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGWaK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">elementOf</a>); hence set-or-collections may stand to one another in generalized set-theoretic relations such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZA-05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subsetOf</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a> (qq.v.). (It is this shared feature of having elements that provides the basic rationale for reifying the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>.) Nevertheless, sets and collections differ in two important ways. First, each collection is intrinsically associated with an intensional criterion for membership -- a more or less natural property (or group of properties) possessed by all of (and only) its elements. Collections are thus akin to kinds. In contrast, the elements of a set are not required to be homogeneous in any respect: any things whatsoever may together constitute the elements of a set. The second major difference between sets and collections is that no two distinct sets can be coextensional (i.e. have exactly the same elements; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkIOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">coExtensional</a>). Sets can thus be identified purely on the basis of their extensions (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwN2YGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">extent</a>). Collections, on the other hand, are individuated by their intensional criteria for membership. So collections that have exactly the same elements might nevertheless be distinct, differing in their respective membership criteria. (Note that the general relationship between collections and their "intensional criteria for membership" in the above sense is not something that is currently represented explicitly in the Knowledge Base (though this seems a worthwhile area for future work); still the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">comment</a> and other "definitional" assertions on a given collection should ideally convey a reasonably clear and precise idea of its associated membership criterion.) type of thing Collection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all collections of things. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> is a kind or type of thing whose instances share a certain property, attribute, or feature. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> is the collection of all and only cats, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOckfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryFunction</a> is the collection of all and only functions taking two arguments. The notion of collection is fundamental to the Cyc ontology, and is thus difficult to define in a precise and substantive way. But it is instructive to compare it to the mathematical notion of a set (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a>). Like a set, a collection is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpJ-nSEkJQdeC8NLkYPDBBw" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> (i.e. aspatial and atemporal) that is not an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (cf.), but instead has elements (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGWaK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">elementOf</a>). Unlike a set, however, the elements or "instances" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a>) of a given collection can vary from context to context, and it is possible for distinct collections to have exactly the same elements (i.e. to have the same <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwN2YGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">extent</a>) with respect to a given context. For example, the (non-reified) collections "Chordate" and "Renate" are co-extensional in the context of the present-day actual world, but have differring extents with respect to hypothetical contexts in which there exist creatures having hearts but not kidneys. This difference is sometimes summarized by saying that sets are "extensional" things and collections are "intensional" things. Many, though by no means all, of the collections reified in the Cyc ontology correspond to natural kinds or classes. It is particulary useful to reify collections that are difficult to define precisely, but about which there are many common-sense rules and other things to state. For example, it would not be worthwile to introduce a constant 'WhiteCat', both because it's easy to define the collection of white cats in terms of more general, already-reified notions (e.g. '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEcGC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionIntersection2Fn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBjWwGHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)'), and because there's not much to say about that particular collection. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsX6vHnS6EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteCollarWorker</a>, on the other hand, is a good collection to have reified, as it is hard to define precisely, yet is a collection about which there are many things to say. Some of the many reified specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. type of thing Collection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all collections of things. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> is a kind or type of thing whose instances share a certain property, attribute, or feature. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> is the collection of all and only cats, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOckfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryFunction</a> is the collection of all and only functions taking two arguments. The notion of collection is fundamental to the Cyc ontology, and is thus difficult to define in a precise and substantive way. But it is instructive to compare it to the mathematical notion of a set (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a>). Like a set, a collection is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpJ-nSEkJQdeC8NLkYPDBBw" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> (i.e. aspatial and atemporal) that is not an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (cf.), but instead has elements (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGWaK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">elementOf</a>). Unlike a set, however, the elements or "instances" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a>) of a given collection can vary from context to context, and it is possible for distinct collections to have exactly the same elements (i.e. to have the same <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwN2YGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">extent</a>) with respect to a given context. For example, the (non-reified) collections "Chordate" and "Renate" are co-extensional in the context of the present-day actual world, but have differring extents with respect to hypothetical contexts in which there exist creatures having hearts but not kidneys. This difference is sometimes summarized by saying that sets are "extensional" things and collections are "intensional" things. Many, though by no means all, of the collections reified in the Cyc ontology correspond to natural kinds or classes. It is particulary useful to reify collections that are difficult to define precisely, but about which there are many common-sense rules and other things to state. For example, it would not be worthwile to introduce a constant 'WhiteCat', both because it's easy to define the collection of white cats in terms of more general, already-reified notions (e.g. '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEcGC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionIntersection2Fn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBjWwGHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)'), and because there's not much to say about that particular collection. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsX6vHnS6EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteCollarWorker</a>, on the other hand, is a good collection to have reified, as it is hard to define precisely, yet is a collection about which there are many things to say. Some of the many reified specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. basics-fundamental-topic Basics-Fundamental-Topic Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString intensional or extensional set (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet Collection Set-Mathematical)) type of thing Collection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all collections of things. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> is a kind or type of thing whose instances share a certain property, attribute, or feature. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> is the collection of all and only cats, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOckfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryFunction</a> is the collection of all and only functions taking two arguments. The notion of collection is fundamental to the Cyc ontology, and is thus difficult to define in a precise and substantive way. But it is instructive to compare it to the mathematical notion of a set (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a>). Like a set, a collection is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpJ-nSEkJQdeC8NLkYPDBBw" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> (i.e. aspatial and atemporal) that is not an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (cf.), but instead has elements (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGWaK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">elementOf</a>). Unlike a set, however, the elements or "instances" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a>) of a given collection can vary from context to context, and it is possible for distinct collections to have exactly the same elements (i.e. to have the same <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwN2YGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">extent</a>) with respect to a given context. For example, the (non-reified) collections "Chordate" and "Renate" are co-extensional in the context of the present-day actual world, but have differring extents with respect to hypothetical contexts in which there exist creatures having hearts but not kidneys. This difference is sometimes summarized by saying that sets are "extensional" things and collections are "intensional" things. Many, though by no means all, of the collections reified in the Cyc ontology correspond to natural kinds or classes. It is particulary useful to reify collections that are difficult to define precisely, but about which there are many common-sense rules and other things to state. For example, it would not be worthwile to introduce a constant 'WhiteCat', both because it's easy to define the collection of white cats in terms of more general, already-reified notions (e.g. '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEcGC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionIntersection2Fn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBjWwGHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)'), and because there's not much to say about that particular collection. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsX6vHnS6EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteCollarWorker</a>, on the other hand, is a good collection to have reified, as it is hard to define precisely, yet is a collection about which there are many things to say. Some of the many reified specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. type of thing Collection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all collections of things. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> is a kind or type of thing whose instances share a certain property, attribute, or feature. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> is the collection of all and only cats, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOckfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryFunction</a> is the collection of all and only functions taking two arguments. The notion of collection is fundamental to the Cyc ontology, and is thus difficult to define in a precise and substantive way. But it is instructive to compare it to the mathematical notion of a set (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a>). Like a set, a collection is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpJ-nSEkJQdeC8NLkYPDBBw" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> (i.e. aspatial and atemporal) that is not an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (cf.), but instead has elements (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGWaK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">elementOf</a>). Unlike a set, however, the elements or "instances" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a>) of a given collection can vary from context to context, and it is possible for distinct collections to have exactly the same elements (i.e. to have the same <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwN2YGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">extent</a>) with respect to a given context. For example, the (non-reified) collections "Chordate" and "Renate" are co-extensional in the context of the present-day actual world, but have differring extents with respect to hypothetical contexts in which there exist creatures having hearts but not kidneys. This difference is sometimes summarized by saying that sets are "extensional" things and collections are "intensional" things. Many, though by no means all, of the collections reified in the Cyc ontology correspond to natural kinds or classes. It is particulary useful to reify collections that are difficult to define precisely, but about which there are many common-sense rules and other things to state. For example, it would not be worthwile to introduce a constant 'WhiteCat', both because it's easy to define the collection of white cats in terms of more general, already-reified notions (e.g. '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEcGC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionIntersection2Fn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBjWwGHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)'), and because there's not much to say about that particular collection. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsX6vHnS6EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteCollarWorker</a>, on the other hand, is a good collection to have reified, as it is hard to define precisely, yet is a collection about which there are many things to say. Some of the many reified specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. type of thing Collection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all collections of things. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> is a kind or type of thing whose instances share a certain property, attribute, or feature. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> is the collection of all and only cats, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOckfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryFunction</a> is the collection of all and only functions taking two arguments. The notion of collection is fundamental to the Cyc ontology, and is thus difficult to define in a precise and substantive way. But it is instructive to compare it to the mathematical notion of a set (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl2en5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a>). Like a set, a collection is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpJ-nSEkJQdeC8NLkYPDBBw" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> (i.e. aspatial and atemporal) that is not an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (cf.), but instead has elements (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGWaK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">elementOf</a>). Unlike a set, however, the elements or "instances" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a>) of a given collection can vary from context to context, and it is possible for distinct collections to have exactly the same elements (i.e. to have the same <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwN2YGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">extent</a>) with respect to a given context. For example, the (non-reified) collections "Chordate" and "Renate" are co-extensional in the context of the present-day actual world, but have differring extents with respect to hypothetical contexts in which there exist creatures having hearts but not kidneys. This difference is sometimes summarized by saying that sets are "extensional" things and collections are "intensional" things. Many, though by no means all, of the collections reified in the Cyc ontology correspond to natural kinds or classes. It is particulary useful to reify collections that are difficult to define precisely, but about which there are many common-sense rules and other things to state. For example, it would not be worthwile to introduce a constant 'WhiteCat', both because it's easy to define the collection of white cats in terms of more general, already-reified notions (e.g. '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEcGC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionIntersection2Fn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cat</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBjWwGHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)'), and because there's not much to say about that particular collection. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsX6vHnS6EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">WhiteCollarWorker</a>, on the other hand, is a good collection to have reified, as it is hard to define precisely, yet is a collection about which there are many things to say. Some of the many reified specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. mereotopology concept MereotopologyConcept Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rixW2aOKgEdmAAAACs6hfSg" class="cyc_term">MereotopologyConcept</a> are concepts which are included in the domain of mereotopology; therefore, parts, boundaries and the topological relationships among them would be instances of this collection. (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet Collection Predicate)) the union of { types of thing, predicates }