]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. SpeechPart The collection of all parts of speech -- a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Preposition</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPKwfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantifyingIndexical</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViESZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Punctuation_SP</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4CspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pronoun</a>). To link a specific word with the parts of speech for which it has forms, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV5PTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posForms</a>; e.g., <font color="#ff0000">#$You-TheWord</font> has a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4CspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pronoun</a> form, <font color="#ff0000">#$And-TheWord</font> has a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWRLCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CoordinatingConjunction</a> form, <font color="#ff0000">#$Hit-TheWord</font> has both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a> forms. part of speech parts of speech pronoun type by number The collection whose three instances are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rVBk0YtYIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">SingularPronoun</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rai8vItYIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">PluralPronoun</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGMGwotYREdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">DualPronoun</a>. PronounTypeByNumber The collection whose three instances are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rc8XfDtYIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">MasculinePronoun</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsBAnqNYIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">FemininePronoun</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVMRCtYIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">NeuterPronoun</a>. PronounTypeByGender pronoun type by gender contracted verb Verb-Contracted The collection of all contracted verbal endings. The only main verbs which can contract are 'have' and 'be'. Example: -ve, from 'have'. The collection of all gerunds, that is, deverbal nouns formed (in English) with the suffix '-ing.' Gerunds that have count-noun agreement are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBspjYgvbEdieugACs6hRkA" class="cyc_term">GerundiveCountNoun</a>, while those that have mass noun agreement are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvd6UHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GerundiveNoun</a>. gerundive noun number agnostic GerundiveNoun-NumberAgnostic HaveAux The auxiliary verb 'have'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, in forming compound tenses, so it is treated as a separate part of speech. the auxiliary verb 'have' negated modal verb Modal-Negated de-adjectival verb DeAdjectivalVerb The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>s derived from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>s derived using <font color="#ff0000">#$DeAdjectivalVerbSuffixes</font> such as <font color="#ff0000">#$En-Suf:</font> <font color="#ff0000">#$Sad-TheWord</font> + <font color="#ff0000">#$En-Suf</font> --&gt; <font color="#ff0000">#$Sadden-TheWord</font> and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVssxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posBaseForms</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$Sadden-TheWord</font> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqG_0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeAdjectivalVerb</a>). coordinating conjunction The collection of all coordinating conjunctions. Typically, coordinating conjunctions can appear in phrases with any number of conjuncts. Coordinating conjunctions can link terms of any functional category. Example: 'and'. CoordinatingConjunction modal verb The collection of all modal auxiliary verbs. Modals have only tensed forms, do not inflect for person and number, and can take contracted negation. Example: `should'. Modal InfinitiveComp The collection of all infinitive complementizers. In English, this is only the word 'to'. Infinitive complementizers introduce non-tensed clauses. infinitive complementizer Pronoun pronoun The collection of all pronouns. Pronouns are indexicals which can replace nouns. Example: `she'. Determiner-Definite The class of definite determiners, such as 'these'. With <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVslipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner_Indefinite</a> often called the class of central determiners. definite determiner DeAdjectivalAdverb de-adjectival adverb The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s derived from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s derived using <font color="#ff0000">#$DeAdjectivalAdverbSuffixes</font> such as <font color="#ff0000">#$Ably-Suf:</font> <font color="#ff0000">#$Commendable-TheWord</font> + <font color="#ff0000">#$Ably-Suf</font> --&gt; <font color="#ff0000">#$Commendably-TheWord</font> and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVssxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posBaseForms</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$Commendably-TheWord</font> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvsEP05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeAdjectivalAdverb</a>). telic durational preposition Preposition-Duration-Telic Prepositions which denote durations of time, and generally modify telic or complete events; for example, 'in'. verb particle VerbParticle The collection of all particles which can combine with verbs. Verb particles may appear before the object noun phrase, or may appear after it, as in 'I put down the phone' and 'I put the phone down'. Verb particles are usually prepositions, although they may be adverbials. subject pronoun The collection of all subject pronouns. Subject pronouns can replace the subject noun in a sentence, but not the direct object, indirect object, or oblique object noun. Example: 'he'. SubjectPronoun The collection of all quantifying words. Quantifiers can modify nouns. Example: 'most'. quantifier Quantifier-SP ordinal OrdinalAdjective The collection of ordinals. Example instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4raDrfsCfvQdeFyJtcoGmdYQ" class="cyc_term">OrdinalAdjective</a>, as represented in their written string form, include &quot;third&quot; and &quot;47th&quot;. reflexive pronoun ReflexivePronoun The collection of all reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns can replace nouns in the context of an action which one does to oneself. Example: 'himself'. CountNoun-Masculine masculine count noun Modal-Contracted The collection of all contracted modal forms. The only modals which can contract are 'would' and 'will'. Example: -ll from 'will'. contracted modal verb negated auxiliary verb The collection of all auxiliary verbs negated by contraction. Example: 'hadn't'. Aux-Negated The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>s derived from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>s derived using <font color="#ff0000">#$DenominalVerbSuffixes</font> such as <font color="#ff0000">#$Ate-Suf:</font> <font color="#ff0000">#$Hyphen-TheWord</font> + <font color="#ff0000">#$Ate-Suf</font> --&gt; <font color="#ff0000">#$Hyphenate-TheWord</font> and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVssxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posBaseForms</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$Hyphenate-TheWord</font> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvudTkJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DenominalVerb</a>). denominal verb DenominalVerb PossessivePronoun possessive pronoun The collection of all possessive pronouns. Possessive pronouns can replace possessive nouns. Example: 'my'. central determiner Determiner-Central The collection of central determiners, including definite and indefinite determiners (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV5BmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner_Definite</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVslipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner_Indefinite</a>) but excluding other specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a> (<font color="#ff0000">#$Predeterminer</font> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWg__ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Postdeterminer</a>). Preposition-Duration durational preposition Prepositions which denote durations of time, for example, 'for'. CountNoun count noun A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOkY4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun_Generic</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all ordinary count nouns. Count nouns are typically used to refer to &quot;objectlike&quot; things (e.g., to instances of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>). In English syntax, count nouns (unlike mass nouns) can be pluralized, and count nouns are preceded in indefinite descriptions by the word 'a' or 'an' rather than the word 'some'. The plural form of a count noun can be preceded by a numerical determiner (such as 'three'). Examples of English count nouns include 'mountain' and 'lemma'. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWUiiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MassNoun</a>. The collection of all adverbs of manner, adverbs answering the question 'how?' Example: 'stupendously' as in 'Fred wrote stupendously.' adverb of manner AdverbOfManner DeverbalAdjective The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s derived from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>s. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s derived using <font color="#ff0000">#$DeverbalAdjectiveSuffixes</font> such as <font color="#ff0000">#$Able_Deverb-Suf:</font> <font color="#ff0000">#$Drink-TheWord</font> + <font color="#ff0000">#$Able_Deverb-Suf</font> --&gt; <font color="#ff0000">#$Drinkable-TheWord</font> and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVssxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posBaseForms</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$Drinkable-TheWord</font> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvux1qJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeverbalAdjective</a>). deverbal adjective The auxiliary verb 'do'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, do-support in yes/no questions, so it is treated as a separate part of speech. DoAux the auxiliary verb 'do' CommonNoun common noun The collection of all common nouns. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rKVHrIXyFEdqW1QACs6hPlA" class="cyc_term">CommonNoun</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a>. Adjective A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtZOekUWhEdaDxQCw0HTBHw" class="cyc_term">OpenClassWord</a>. This is the collection of all adjectives. An adjective is typically used as a noun modifier to denote a quality of the thing denoted by the noun phrase as a whole (as 'red' in 'the red shoes'). Many adjectives can be used either attributively (as in the foregoing example) or predicatively (as in 'the shoes are red'). Many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms (e.g. 'dark'/'darker'/'darkest'). Adjective adverb of place The collection of all adverbs of place, adverbs answering the question 'where?'. Example: 'there' as in 'Fred lives there.' AdverbOfPlace Preposition-Spatial The collection of all prepositions which express spatial relations. This includes locative and directional prepositions. Example: 'under', as in 'the dog is under the table'. spatial preposition number speech part The collection of all numbers used as words. This includes spelled-out numbers, like 'five', and digits, like '5'. Number-SP This is the collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVt-bZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WHPronoun</a>s that can be used in the nominative case. For example, `Who took the book off the table?'. subject wh-pronoun WHPronoun-Subject ProperMassNoun The collection of all proper mass nouns. Proper mass nouns are usually capitalized. proper mass noun DeAdjectivalAdjective de-adjectival adjective The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s derived from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s derived using <font color="#ff0000">#$DeAdjectivalAdjectiveSuffixes</font> such as <font color="#ff0000">#$Most-Suf:</font> <font color="#ff0000">#$Upper-TheWord</font> + <font color="#ff0000">#$Most-Suf</font> --&gt; <font color="#ff0000">#$Uppermost-TheWord</font> and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVssxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posBaseForms</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$Uppermost-TheWord</font> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3SDU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeAdjectivalAdjective</a>). The collection of all punctuation marks. Example: '?' or ','. punctuation mark Punctuation-SP The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike things. Example: 'water'. This collection also includes proper mass nouns like 'Pepsi', agentive mass nouns like 'moisturizer', etc. MassNoun-Generic mass noun de-adjectival noun DeAdjectivalNoun The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s derived from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s derived using <font color="#ff0000">#$DeAdjectivalNounSuffixes</font> such as <font color="#ff0000">#$Ity-Suf:</font> <font color="#ff0000">#$Rapid-TheWord</font> + <font color="#ff0000">#$Ity-Suf</font> --&gt; <font color="#ff0000">#$Rapidity-TheWord</font> and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVssxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posBaseForms</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$Rapidity-TheWord</font> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvuHYb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeAdjectivalNoun</a>). WHWord wh-word The collection of all wh-words. These words generally appear at the beginning of a clause and have an interrogative or relative function. PossessiveMarker possessive marker The collection of all contracted possessive endings which attach to nouns. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjzhAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ClosedClassWord</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVxCXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PossessiveMarker</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a>. adverb The collection of all adverbs. Adverbs are words which can modify adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. Many adverbs are morphologically derived from adjectives. Example: `slowly'. Adverb singular possessive marker PossessiveMarker-Sg The collection of all contracted possessive endings which attach to singular nouns. In English, this is only 's, as in 'boy's'. wh-pronoun The collection of all wh-words which can stand in for nouns. Example: 'whatever'. WHPronoun The collection of all reciprocal pronouns. Reciprocal pronouns are indexicals which are used in reciprocal contexts. Example: 'each other'. reciprocal pronoun ReciprocalPronoun CountNoun-Feminine feminine count noun A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMhBi5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MassNoun_Generic</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all ordinary mass nouns. Mass nouns are typically used to refer to &quot;stufflike&quot; things, such as homogeneous substances or processes/conditions/concepts without subdivisions (e.g. instances, or instances of instances, of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.)). In English syntax, mass nouns are always singular in form, are preceded in indefinite descriptions with the word 'some' rather than 'a' or 'an', and cannot be preceded with a numeric determiner (e.g. 'three'). Examples of English mass nouns include 'water'and 'glamour'. Cf <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun</a>. MassNoun common mass noun atelic durational preposition Preposition-Duration-Atelic Prepositions which denote durations of time, and generally modify atelic or incomplete events; for example, 'for'. ProperCountNoun The collection of all proper count nouns. Proper nouns are usually capitalized, and they usually denote some particular person, place, or thing. Many proper nouns cannot be preceded by a determiner, and many have no plural form. Example: `Dallas'. Although one might think that names for languages e.g. ``Cherokee'' are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPKgKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperCountNoun</a>s, they are actually <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWUiiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MassNoun</a>s. One test is to see if you can ``too much X'' or ``a lot of X'' without a distinct plural form. For example ``too much Crest'' vs *``too much Q-tips'' and ``a lot of Coke'' vs *``a lot of Q-tip'' suggest that ``crest'' and ``coke'' are mass nouns, whereas ``Q-tip'' is a count noun. proper count noun gerundive count noun GerundiveCountNoun The collection of all gerunds, that is, deverbal nouns formed (in English) with the suffix '-ing', that have count-noun agreement and usually denote an instance of the type of action denoted by the verb from which they are derived. directional preposition The collection of all prepositions which express a directional, dynamic spatial relation. Example: 'into', as in 'the man walked into the room'. Preposition-Directional The collection of all non-intersective adjectives. The semantics of a non-intersective adjective-noun combination does not imply the semantics of the noun alone. For example, if someone is an 'alleged burglar', this does not imply that s/he is a burglar. By contrast, such an inference is true for <font color="#ff0000">#$IntersectiveAdjectives</font> like 'red' (refer to the comment on <font color="#ff0000">#$IntersectiveAdjective</font>). non-intersective adjective NonIntersectiveAdjective IndefinitePronoun The collection of all indefinite pronouns: everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, noone, nobody, nothing. indefinite pronoun wh-determiner WHDeterminer The collection of all wh-words which can act as determiners. Example: 'which'. CountNoun-Neuter neuter count noun The preposition 'of'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, occurring after quantifiers, so it is treated as a separate part of speech. Preposition-Of the preposition 'of' Preposition-Directional-Telic Prepositions which denote destination, and generally modify events in which the destination is reached; for example, 'into'. telic directional preposition PredicativeOnlyAdjective predicative adjective The collection of all adjectives which can *only* be used predicatively. Compare with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZET45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttributiveOnlyAdjective</a> and <font color="#ff0000">#$AttributivePredicativeAdjective</font>. adverb of time The collection of all adverbs of time, adverbs answering the question 'when?'. Example: 'later' as in 'Sally will hand in her paper later.' AdverbOfTime plural possessive marker The collection of all contracted possessive endings which attach to plural nouns. In English, this is only s', as in 'boys''. PossessiveMarker-Pl Preposition-Locative locative preposition The collection of all prepositions which express a locative, static spatial relation. Example: 'beside', as in 'the desk is beside the bookcase'. quantifying indexical QuantifyingIndexical The collection of all inherently quantified indexicals. Example: 'everything'. The collection of all prepositions. Prepositions are function words which usually take a noun phrase complement. They usually express temporal, spatial, or other relations. Example: `at'. preposition Preposition Preposition-Directional-Atelic atelic directional preposition Prepositions which denote direction, and generally modify events in which the destination is not reached; for example, 'towards'. WHPronoun-Object object wh-pronoun This is the collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVt-bZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WHPronoun</a>s that can be used in the accusative and dative cases. For example, `Whom did she hit' and `To whom did she give the book?'. The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s which can occur before certain instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvh0uhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner_Central</a>. <font color="#ff0000">#$Predeterminers</font> include (i) <i>all</i>, <i>both</i> and <i>half</i> (e.g. <i>all</i> (the) girls, <i>both</i> those cars, <i>half</i> an hour) (ii) the multipliers <i>double</i>, <i>twice</i>, <i>three times</i>, etc. (e.g. <i>double</i> the sum, <i>twice</i> my salary) (iii) the fractions <i>one-third</i>, <i>one-fifth</i>, etc. (e.g. <i>one-third</i> the time) (iv) <i>such</i>, <i>what</i> (e.g. <i>Such</i> a surprise! <i>What</i> a fine day!) class A determiner Determiner-ClassA The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s derived from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s derived using <font color="#ff0000">#$DenominalAbstractNounSuffixes</font> such as <font color="#ff0000">#$Ship-Suf:</font> <font color="#ff0000">#$Friend-TheWord</font> + <font color="#ff0000">#$Ship-Suf</font> --&gt; <font color="#ff0000">#$Friendship-TheWord</font> and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVssxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posBaseForms</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$Friendship-TheWord</font> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv32TvJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DenominalNoun</a>). DenominalNoun denominal noun deverbal noun The collection of all nouns derived from verbs, including (but not limited to) those ending in '-ing', '-er/or', and 'tion'. DeVerbalNoun time point preposition Preposition-TimePoint Prepositions which denote points in time, for example, 'at'. noun The collection of all nouns. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtZOekUWhEdaDxQCw0HTBHw" class="cyc_term">OpenClassWord</a>. The concept <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGiHz-qR9EdqAAAACs4vPlg" class="cyc_term">WordNetSpeechPart</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a>. Noun possessive adjective PossessivePronoun-Pre This is the collection of pronouns that can be used in [NP NP] constructions in the genitive case. For example, `Her book is on the table.'. PostQuant-SP post-nominal quantifier The collection of all quantifiers which can appear post-nominally. Example: 'all'. DenominalAdverb denominal adverb The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s derived from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s derived using <font color="#ff0000">#$DenominalAdverbSuffixes</font> such as <font color="#ff0000">#$Ward_Adverb-Suf:</font> <font color="#ff0000">#$Home-TheWord</font> + <font color="#ff0000">#$Ward_Adverb-Suf</font> --&gt; <font color="#ff0000">#$Homeward-TheWord</font> and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVssxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posBaseForms</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$Homeward-TheWord</font> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvlXtjZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DenominalAdverb</a>). The collection of all existential indicators. In English, this is only the word 'there'. existential indicator There-Existential The class of indefinite determiners, such as <i>a</i>, <i>an</i>. indefinite determiner Determiner-Indefinite Pronoun-SubjectOrObject personal pronoun AgentiveNoun agentive noun A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2l4XZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeVerbalNoun</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AgentiveNoun</a> is a noun in the agentive form. Agentive nouns usually denote the `doer' or `performer' of some action, and often end in `-er' or `-or'. Example: `runner'. WHAdverb wh-adverb The collection of all wh-words which can act as adverbs. Example: 'when'. possessive pronoun The collection of all possessive pronouns which occur as predicative complements. Example: 'mine', as in 'This book is mine'. PossessivePronoun-Post BeAux The auxiliary verb 'be'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, in forming compound tenses, so it is treated as a separate part of speech. the auxiliary 'Be' Postdeterminer The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s which can occupy the third position in a string of prenominal modifiers. Example: <i>many</i> as in 'all her <i>many</i> friends'. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWg__ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Postdeterminer</a>s follow <font color="#ff0000">#$Predeterminers</font> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvh0uhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner_Central</a> (if such <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s are present). But they precede any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s and other premodifying terms. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWg__ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Postdeterminer</a>s include <br> (a) Cardinal numerals (e.g. my <i>three</i> children) <br> (b) Ordinal numerals and 'general ordinals' (e.g. the <i>first</i> day, the <i>last</i> month) <br> (c) Closed-class quantifiers (e.g. <i>few</i> people) <br> (d) Open-class quantifiers (<i>a large number of</i> people) class D determiner The collection of all adjectives which can *only* be used attributively. For example, 'former' can only be used that way as in 'the former president', but not predicatively as in 'the president is former'. Compare with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtj3D5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PredicativeOnlyAdjective</a> and <font color="#ff0000">#$AttributivePredicativeAdjective</font>. attributive adjective AttributiveOnlyAdjective Conjunction The collection of all coordinating and subordinating conjunctions conjunction ConjunctAdverb conjunct adverb Adverbials which are neither disjuncts nor subjuncts. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWHbb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConjunctAdverb</a>s can generally act as sentential modifiers, however, they cannot appear as the focus of a cleft sentence. Semantically, these conjuncts generally indicate how the speaker views the connection between two linguistic units. possessive wh-pronoun This is the collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVt-bZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WHPronoun</a>s that can be used in the genitive case. For example, `Whose book in on the table?'. WHPronoun-Possessive The collection of auxiliary verbs, including 'have', 'be', and 'do', as well as the modal verbs. All of these can be inverted in questions, and have other distributional peculiarities. auxiliary verb AuxVerb subordinating conjunction The collection of all conjunctions which can introduce a subordinate clause. Example: 'after'. SubordinatingConjunction determiner The collection of all determiners. Determiners are function words which can precede nouns (or its premodifiers). Example: <i>these</i>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s are further classified into <font color="#ff0000">#$Predeterminer</font>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvh0uhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner_Central</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWg__ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Postdeterminer</a>. Also note the determiners <i>the</i> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV5BmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner_Definite</a>) and <i>a</i>/<i>an</i> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVslipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner_Indefinite</a>). Determiner The collection of abstract, yet fully-specified (for morphological composition, part of speech, agreement features, meaning, and phonology, but not necessarily spelling) natural language word forms. An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTEDhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLWordForm</a> may be morphologically atomic or complex - i.e. it may be analyzeable into one or more morphemes. From a syntactic point of view, it is an atom - i.e., the syntactic combination of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTEDhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLWordForm</a> with something else is no longer an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTEDhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLWordForm</a>. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTEDhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLWordForm</a> can be instantiated (via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvlEGHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIS</a>) by arbitrarily many spoken or written <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpJFiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLWord_IBT</a>s, and each is associated (via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-oe-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">lexemeOfWordForm</a>) with a single <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a>. An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTEDhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLWordForm</a> is defined entirely by the values of its linguistic features; two <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTEDhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLWordForm</a>s with the same feature values are identical. Thus the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTEDhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLWordForm</a>s instantiated by &quot;hit&quot; in &quot;The arrow hit the target&quot; and &quot;The arrow has hit the target&quot; are distinct, because the first one has simple past tense while the second one has perfect tense. But those instantiated by &quot;hit&quot; in &quot;The arrow hit the target&quot; and &quot;The arrow hit the tree&quot; would be the same under a typical linguistic analysis. NLWordForm word form adverb of frequency AdverbOfFrequency The collection of all adverbs of frequency, adverbs abswering the question 'how often?'. Example: 'frequently' as in 'Sally went to the gym frequently.' The collection of all prepositions which express temporal relations. Example: 'on', as in 'we arrived on Tuesday'. temporal preposition Preposition-Temporal denominal adjective The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s derived from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s derived using <font color="#ff0000">#$DenominalAdjectiveSuffixes</font> such as <font color="#ff0000">#$Ful-Suf:</font> <font color="#ff0000">#$Delight-TheWord</font> + <font color="#ff0000">#$Ful-Suf</font> --&gt; <font color="#ff0000">#$Delightful-TheWord</font> and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVssxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posBaseForms</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$Delightful-TheWord</font> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvlG1fJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DenominalAdjective</a>). DenominalAdjective The collection of all count nouns. This collection also includes proper count nouns like 'Rolodex', agentive count nouns like 'teacher', etc. CountNoun-Generic count noun expletive pronoun ExpletivePronoun The collection of all expletive pronouns. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4CspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pronoun</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvf99M5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExpletivePronoun</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a>. proper noun ProperNoun The collection of all proper nouns. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rV-TAvqlaEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">PhrasalWordForm</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMCe_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNoun</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a>. ObjectPronoun object pronoun The collection of all object pronouns. Object pronouns can replace the direct object, indirect object, or oblique object noun in a sentence, but not the subject noun. Example: 'them'. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtZOekUWhEdaDxQCw0HTBHw" class="cyc_term">OpenClassWord</a>. This is the collection of all adjectives. An adjective is typically used as a noun modifier to denote a quality of the thing denoted by the noun phrase as a whole (as 'red' in 'the red shoes'). Many adjectives can be used either attributively (as in the foregoing example) or predicatively (as in 'the shoes are red'). Many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms (e.g. 'dark'/'darker'/'darkest'). Adjective-Gradable adjective class B determiner The collection of pronoun determiners which can occupy the second position in a string of prenominal modifiers. Example: 'you', as in 'all you people.' Determiner-ClassB Interjection-SpeechPart interjection The collection of all interjections, also called exclamations. Interjections often serve a purely pragmatic or discourse function, and can often stand alone as utterances. Examples: 'ugh', 'abracadabra', and 'wow!'. Verb The collection of all verbs. Verbs usually denote events, states, or processes. Verbs can be conjugated. Example: `eat'. verb The collection of all participial adjectives of the form X-ed, e.g. "confused". Adjective-Ed past participle adjective complementizer The collection of all complementizers. In English, this is only the word 'that'. Complementizers introduce a tensed clauses. Complementizer MainVerb main verb The collection of verbs, excluding auxiliary verbs and modals (but including participles). NongradableAdjective non-gradable adjective GerundiveNoun gerundive noun The collection of all gerunds, that is, deverbal nouns formed (in English) with the suffix '-ing', that have mass-noun agreement and usually denote a type of action. Determiner-ClassC class C determiner The collection of determiners which can occupy the first position in a string of prenominal modifiers. Example: 'another', as in 'another three people.' This class is distinct from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWFVRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner_ClassA</a>, the predeterminers. Unlike predeterminers, members of this class cannot appear in the initial determiner position in constructions like '*some you people' or '*more this gold'. present participle adjective Adjective-Ing The collection of all participial adjectives of the form X-ing, e.g. "confusing". The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection some example parts of speech linguistic topic SomeExamplePartsOfSpeech-Linguistic-Topic SpeechPart The collection of all parts of speech -- a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Preposition</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPKwfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantifyingIndexical</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViESZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Punctuation_SP</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4CspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pronoun</a>). To link a specific word with the parts of speech for which it has forms, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV5PTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posForms</a>; e.g., <font color="#ff0000">#$You-TheWord</font> has a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4CspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pronoun</a> form, <font color="#ff0000">#$And-TheWord</font> has a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWRLCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CoordinatingConjunction</a> form, <font color="#ff0000">#$Hit-TheWord</font> has both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a> forms. part of speech parts of speech lexicon topic PartsOfSpeech-Lexicon-Topic The collection of all subcollections, or types, of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SententialConstituent</a>. Any instance of this collection is itself a collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SententialConstituent</a>s. SententialConstituentType type of sentential constituent AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code><b>COL</b></code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (<i>ANECT</i>) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code><b>COL</b></code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code><b>INST</b></code> of <code><b>COL</b></code> is an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> essentially (i.e. <code><b>INST</b></code> is an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code><b>COL</b></code>. <p/> Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: <p/> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> <i>TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers</i>)) <p/> This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not <i>necessarily</i> true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. <p/> When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. <p/> Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString SpeechPart The collection of all parts of speech -- a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Preposition</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPKwfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantifyingIndexical</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViESZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Punctuation_SP</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4CspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pronoun</a>). To link a specific word with the parts of speech for which it has forms, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV5PTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posForms</a>; e.g., <font color="#ff0000">#$You-TheWord</font> has a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4CspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pronoun</a> form, <font color="#ff0000">#$And-TheWord</font> has a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWRLCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CoordinatingConjunction</a> form, <font color="#ff0000">#$Hit-TheWord</font> has both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a> forms. part of speech SpeechPart The collection of all parts of speech -- a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Preposition</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPKwfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantifyingIndexical</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViESZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Punctuation_SP</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4CspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pronoun</a>). To link a specific word with the parts of speech for which it has forms, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV5PTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">posForms</a>; e.g., <font color="#ff0000">#$You-TheWord</font> has a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4CspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pronoun</a> form, <font color="#ff0000">#$And-TheWord</font> has a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWRLCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CoordinatingConjunction</a> form, <font color="#ff0000">#$Hit-TheWord</font> has both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a> forms. part of speech A collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>s. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvprlOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FacetingCollectionType</a> is a collection-type that &quot;facets&quot; -- i.e. stands in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjldVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Generic</a> (q.v.) relation to -- another collection. Examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVibOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AutomobileTypeByBrand</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rANFO8Ec-EdaEKABQ2sS97g" class="cyc_term">MusicTypeByGenre</a>, which facet <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjOJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Music</a>, respectively. faceting collection type FacetingCollectionType FacetInstanceCollection facet collection A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1fLiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FacetInstanceCollection</a> is a collection that is an instance of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvprlOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FacetingCollectionType</a> (q.v.). For example, the facet-instance-collection (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBVDJsPLMQdiZD5jLVkyKUw" class="cyc_term">WineOfVintageFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjympwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">YearFn</a> 1926)) is an instance of the faceting-collection-type <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rWdpZhPLLQdiKEtsuZMndzQ" class="cyc_term">WineTypeByVintage</a>.