]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. dead language A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeadLanguage</a> is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language (though written texts may survive and continue to be interpretable -- as is the case with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBy-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LatinLanguage</a>). DeadLanguage http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_language dead languages This Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East Babylonian BabylonianLanguage Phoenician PhoenicianLanguage Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East Punic PunicLanguage Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East ChurchSlavonicLanguage Old Church Slavonic language of medieval <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViTwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Russia</a> Middle Persian PahlaviLanguage This language was originally spoken in the Iranian area but is now a dead language. Comecrudan ComecrudanLanguage Amerindian language, probably western This Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East OldAkkadianLanguage Old Akkadian Old Norse OldNorseLanguage language of the ancient northern sagas Chibcha Amerindian language spoken in Central or South America ChibchaLanguage Wyandot A member of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVja3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IroquoianLanguageFamily</a>. WyandotLanguage The form of Greek spoken by the common people from the Classical period onward, the source of contemporary Greek, but now a dead language. Koine Greek KoineLanguage This language was originally spoken in the Italian peninsula but is now a dead language. Umbrian UmbrianLanguage Prakrit PrakritLanguage any or all of the ancient Indic tongues other than the revered Sanskrit and Vedic SanskritLanguage Sanskrit An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViS7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Indo_IranianLanguageFamily</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViSrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SanskritLanguage</a> was originally spoken in the Indic area and is now a dead language. Most of the sacred literature of the Hindus is written in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViSrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SanskritLanguage</a>. Ancient Egyptian Just what it says AncientEgyptianLanguage Dead language of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViTg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Egypt</a> Coptic CopticLanguage LycianLanguage This language was originally spoken in the area including and between <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj7XJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">India</a> and Europe - but it is now a dead language Lycian Semitic language spoken in the Near East MinaeanDialect Minaean UgariticLanguage Ugaritic Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East This language was originally spoken in the Italian peninsula but is now a dead language LatinLanguage-Classical Classical Latin AeolicGreekDialect This language was originally spoken in the eastern Adriatic area but is now a dead language. Aeolic Luwian This language was originally spoken in the Indian/Eurpoean area but is now a dead language. LuwianLanguage Ethiopic language GeezLanguage Geez CayuseLanguage Amerindian language of Central America or the west of North America Cayuse VedicLanguage This language was originally spoken in the Indic area and is now a dead language. Its sacred literature, however, was transmitted orally and eventually written in the then-current Devanagari script Vedic Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East ClassicalArabicLanguage classical Arabic NabataeanLanguage Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East Nabataean Ancient Greek AncientGreekLanguage The language of ancient Greece Tokharian B TokharianBLanguage dead language of western China ByzantineGreekLanguage The non-Classical Greek of the Middle Ages and somewhat earlier, now a dead language. Byzantine Greek Palmyrene Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East PalmyreneLanguage DoricGreekDialect Doric This language was originally spoken in the eastern Adriatic area but is now a dead language. NahuatlatoLanguage Amerindian language of the Nahuatlan sub-group Nahuatlato SumerianLanguage Sumerian Dead language of antiquity Chinook Amerindian language of Central America or the west of North America ChinookLanguage Etruscan EtruscanLanguage Language of ancient Rome's neighbors, the Etruscans OldPrussianLanguage Language formerly spoken in Eastern Baltic area Old Prussian ArcadicGreekDialect Arcadic This language was originally spoken in the eastern Adriatic area but is now a dead language. Dead language of antiquity Hurrian HurrianLanguage Amerindian language of the Nahuatlan sub-group ToltecLanguage Toltec Parthian ParthianLanguage This language was originally spoken in the Iranian area but is now a dead language. Burgundian BurgundianLanguage one of the languages of the dead East Germanic branch Palaic PalaicLanguage originally spoken between and including the areas of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj7XJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">India</a> and Europe - it is now a dead language dead language of western China TokharianALanguage Tokharian A Gaulish Dead Celtic language formerly spoken on the continent of Europe GaulishLanguage AtticGreekDialect Classical Greek This language was originally spoken in the eastern Adriatic area but is now a dead language. Amerindian language of the Nahuatlan sub-group AztecLanguage Aztec Amerindian language of the Nahuatlan sub-group Chichimeca ChichimecaLanguage IonicGreekDialect This language was originally spoken in the eastern Adriatic area but is now a dead language. Ionic Palestinian Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East PalestinianLanguage SabaeanDialect Sabaean Semitic language spoken in the Near East Vandalic one of the languages of the defunct East Germanic branch VandalicLanguage dead language of antiquity, eastern Mediterranean(?) ThracianLanguage Thracian Avestan AvestanLanguage This language was originally spoken in the Iranian area but is now a dead language. Assyrian This Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East AssyrianLanguage This language was originally spoken in the Italian peninsula but is now a dead language. Oscan OscanLanguage Amerindian language, probably western Yana YanaLanguage PaliLanguage Pali This language, originally spoken in the Indic area, was a form of Prakrit which became the language of Buddhist and Jain literature, but is now a dead language. AramaicLanguage Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East Aramaic This language was originally spoken in the Iranian area but is now a dead language. KhwarazmianLanguage Khwarazmian Meroitic Dead language of antiquity, developed in the kingdom of Nubia MeroiticLanguage Taino TainoLanguage Dead Caribbean Amerindian language of the Arawakan sub-group FaliscanLanguage This language was originally spoken in the Italian peninsula but is now a dead language. Faliscan ProtoIndoEuropeanLanguage A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeadLanguage</a> from which all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViPUpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Indo_EuropeanLanguageFamily</a> languages are descended. Proto-Indo-European Language spoken in the Iranian area. SogdianLanguage Sogdian GrabarLanguage dead language of eastern Mediterranean(?) Grabar IllyrianLanguage Illyrian dead language of antiquity, eastern Mediterranean(?) Hittite HittiteLanguage This language was originally spoken in the area between and including <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj7XJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">India</a> and Europe - it is now a dead language SakaLanguage Khotanese Language spoken in the Iranian area. Gothic language of the Germanic tribes who took over Rome about 400 A.D. GothicLanguage Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East Samaritan SamaritanLanguage PolabianLanguage Polabian dead language of Eastern Europe MoabiteLanguage Moabite Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East dead language of eastern Mediterranean(?) Phrygian PhrygianLanguage Lydian This language was originally spoken between and including <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj7XJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">India</a> and Europe - it is now a dead language LydianLanguage Old Persian OldPersianLanguage This language was originally spoken in the Iranian area but is now a dead language. Dead Celtic language formerly spoken in Cornwall Cornish CornishLanguage ElamiteLanguage Dead language of the ancient Middle East Elamite Ancient Hebrew This Semitic language, now dead, was originally spoken in the Near East BiblicalHebrewLanguage NaturalLanguage natural language A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5SKoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanLanguage</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV7TOhK5EduAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">InformalLanguage</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a> is a language that is used for human communication, and which has evolved naturally. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a> is thus disjoint with <font color="#ff0000">#$ArtificialLanguage</font>. Instances include dead languages such as Ancient Greek and Latin; but concocted languages such as Esperanto are not included. dead language DeadLanguage A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeadLanguage</a> is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language (though written texts may survive and continue to be interpretable -- as is the case with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBy-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LatinLanguage</a>). Linguistic-Topic linguistic-topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString dead language DeadLanguage A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeadLanguage</a> is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language (though written texts may survive and continue to be interpretable -- as is the case with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBy-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LatinLanguage</a>). dead language DeadLanguage A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeadLanguage</a> is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language (though written texts may survive and continue to be interpretable -- as is the case with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBy-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LatinLanguage</a>). dead language DeadLanguage A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeadLanguage</a> is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language (though written texts may survive and continue to be interpretable -- as is the case with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBy-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LatinLanguage</a>). LanguageGroupingType type of language grouping An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjy9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LanguageGroupingType</a> is a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5SKoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanLanguage</a> (q.v.).