]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A collection of intangible pieces of information; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViv2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Permission</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> is a credential issued by a granting authority and recorded in some tangible document (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDMLb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_IBO</a>), which authorizes the agent to whom it is issued to perform actions of a certain kind. Sample subsets of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> include: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVizd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrainEngineerLicense</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViy7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DriversLicense_LicenseAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVizrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PestControlLicense</a>. License-LegalAgreement license licence licences licenses LicensePlate-Information A license to operate a particular vehicle. license plate information a license issue by an appropriate local authority (often city or county) allowing the holder to work as a pest control worker. exterminator's license PestControlLicense marriage license The collection of all marriage licenses. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a>. MarriageLicense TransportationLicense transportation license A license to operate some kind of transportation device. The GNU LGPL is a free software license, but it permits linking with non-free modules. It is compatible with the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvGN3FTzpEdaalwACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">GNUGeneralPublicLicense</a>. GNULesserGeneralPublicLicense GNU Lesser General Public License GNU General Public License GNUGeneralPublicLicense A license written by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjwx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RichardStallman</a> in 1989, for the purpose of distributing programs released as part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveWD0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GNUProject</a>. Unlike most software licenses, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee the freedom to share and change the software that it covers. authorized agreement A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a> is a generic agreement that is authorized by one of the agreeing parties (typically by the issuer of the document embodying the agreement). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViwHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuthorizedAgreement</a>s are generic in the sense that their authorizing agents are party to many similar agreements; for that reason, an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViwHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuthorizedAgreement</a> is typically given a unique identification number. Notable positive examples include bank accounts, driver's licenses, and stock certificates. AuthorizedAgreement A collection of intangible pieces of information; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViv2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Permission</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> is a credential issued by a granting authority and recorded in some tangible document (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDMLb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_IBO</a>), which authorizes the agent to whom it is issued to perform actions of a certain kind. Sample subsets of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> include: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVizd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrainEngineerLicense</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViy7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DriversLicense_LicenseAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVizrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PestControlLicense</a>. License-LegalAgreement license A collection of intangible pieces of information; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViv2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Permission</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> is a credential issued by a granting authority and recorded in some tangible document (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDMLb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_IBO</a>), which authorizes the agent to whom it is issued to perform actions of a certain kind. Sample subsets of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> include: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVizd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrainEngineerLicense</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViy7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DriversLicense_LicenseAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVizrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PestControlLicense</a>. License-LegalAgreement license Permission permission A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViv2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Permission</a> is an agreement specifying some rights or privileges which have been granted to an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> (q.v.). A permission may be an informal agreement between individuals, but many instances are formal and involve permissions granted by a government authority to some agent. Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViv2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Permission</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVr0WpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Visa_Permit</a>. A collection of intangible pieces of information; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViv2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Permission</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> is a credential issued by a granting authority and recorded in some tangible document (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDMLb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_IBO</a>), which authorizes the agent to whom it is issued to perform actions of a certain kind. Sample subsets of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> include: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVizd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrainEngineerLicense</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViy7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DriversLicense_LicenseAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVizrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PestControlLicense</a>. License-LegalAgreement license ObjectType The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. type of object InformationAndCWs-Topic information and CWs topic Credential A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViwoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is specific information about one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (q.v.), provided by another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a>. The information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViwoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is wholly intangible, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViwoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> usually have some associated <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> (e.g. a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e. the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g. legal bar certification or the ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g. GED schooling or satisfying PhD requirements); is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g. a travel visa or permission slip); and so on. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj5Z5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">issuesCredential</a>. credential LegalAgreement An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViwXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgreement</a> is an agreement which has a legal status; that is, it is recognized as a valid agreement by some government. Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViwXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgreement</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgGJIZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SalesContract</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVr0WpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Visa_Permit</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rTXWNgDjCEd2AAADggVbxzQ" class="cyc_term">Account</a>. legal agreement Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString A collection of intangible pieces of information; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViv2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Permission</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> is a credential issued by a granting authority and recorded in some tangible document (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDMLb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_IBO</a>), which authorizes the agent to whom it is issued to perform actions of a certain kind. Sample subsets of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> include: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVizd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrainEngineerLicense</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViy7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DriversLicense_LicenseAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVizrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PestControlLicense</a>. License-LegalAgreement license type of temporally stuff-like thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. TemporalStuffType