]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. teaching Teaching One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a> of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher have educated educating educates had schooled teaching event will school instructing has educated school will have instructed schooled instructed education teaching events has schooled teaches instruct will have educated schooling will have taught had taught had educated teachings taught had instructed has instructed have taught will teach instructs have instructed teach instruction has taught will educate educated will instruct have schooled educate schools will have schooled coaching Coaching Instructing or training a performer or team of performers SpecialEducationForHandicapped A collection of education events. Special education is often provided to mentally handicapped children with special educational needs. special education lesson Lesson The collection of all organized <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOYMgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">temporallyContinuousDuring</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVix4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a> events in which one (or rarely more) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Teacher</a> instructs one or more <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViNGpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Student</a>s on some material. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi4T5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CourseOfStudy</a> is comprised of a series of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_6vnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lesson</a>s on the same general subject matter. Every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Teacher</a> teaches at least one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_6vnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lesson</a> and every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViNGpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Student</a> attends at least one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_6vnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lesson</a>. The collection of all scientific presentations. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVix4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPvkW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Presentation</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvQ--Lg7mQdeDd_spgi-q_A" class="cyc_term">ScientificPresentation</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvbVrl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SkilledActivityType</a>. ScientificPresentation scientific presentation tutoring A kind of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVix4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>, typically performed one-on-one or at least with a small student-to-teacher ratio. Tutoring Lecturing lecture A collection of communication actions, a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOz-DJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSpeaking</a>. Each instance of this collection is an action where some primary actor(s) are mostly speaking and audience members are mostly listening. home buyer education HomeBuyerEducation formal schooling This is the type of studying usually carried out at an educational institution following a prescribed course of study. FormalSchooling Education education A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjeRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ServiceEvent</a>. Each instance of this collection is an event in which some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> receives some considerable quantity of knowledge which they did not have before. Any given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvzBhv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Education</a> event typically consists of many sub-events of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Learning</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVix4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvzBhv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Education</a> events differ from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV9B6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Training</a> events in their typically longer duration, and in the fact that one may be 'trained' in practical skills rather than intellectual knowledge. teaching Teaching One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a> of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> <b>TERM1</b> <b>TERM2</b>)</code> means that <code><b>TERM2</b></code> is <i>broader</i> than <code><b>TERM1</b></code>, in an extremely general sense of &quot;broader&quot;. For example, <code><b>TERM2</b></code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code><b>TERM1</b></code> if any of the following hold:<br><br> <code><b>TERM2</b></code> is a collection that subsumes <code><b>TERM1</b></code>; <br> <code><b>TERM2</b></code> is a collection that has <code><b>TERM1</b></code> as an instance; <br> <code><b>TERM2</b></code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code><b>TERM1</b></code> as parts; <br> <code><b>TERM2</b></code> has <code><b>TERM1</b></code> as a part; <br><br> This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> <b>TERM1</b> <b>TERM2</b>)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. BT broaderTerm A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> and characterized by one or more <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> sub-events. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are focal). Since <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>, each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> event must be intentional on the part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rt4Hz8rsOQdiUO4DMdSL3eA" class="cyc_term">communicatorOfInfo</a>; it may or may not be intentional on the part of the agent playing the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpBwKLLsPQdiZUP7Z9IOkww" class="cyc_term">infoCommunicatedTo</a> role. Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is listening to her, is not <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>; rather Romeo (and Juliet, unaware) are engaged in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWU4VpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Eavesdropping</a>. Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MultiDirectionalCommunication</a>). Every event belonging to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjJB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AudioCommunicating</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViPa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonVerbalCommunicating</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViSEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating</a>); by the type of information involved (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVihhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAnAgreement</a>); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVix4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjt_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Negotiating</a>); by the agents involved (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj_IJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntraOrganizationCommunication</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjM8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StageProduction</a>). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents. communication Communicating A collection of sub-collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYjIS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Situation</a>. The instances of this collection act as suggestions when using the script editor to add a sub-situation type to a type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYjIS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Situation</a>. intermediate focal term scene candidate for the Cyc Script Editor FocalTermSceneCandidate-Intermediate organizations by function organization topic OrganizationsByFunction-Organization-Topic teaching Teaching One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a> of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer. type of temporally stuff-like thing that is also a type of durative event A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsptUGhfiQdmQ1dIv6htA7Q" class="cyc_term">ProcessType</a> is the collection intersection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwNyXxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DurativeEventType</a>; that is, a thing is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsptUGhfiQdmQ1dIv6htA7Q" class="cyc_term">ProcessType</a> if and only if it is an instance of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwNyXxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DurativeEventType</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsptUGhfiQdmQ1dIv6htA7Q" class="cyc_term">ProcessType</a> can be constructed from instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv48ocpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AccomplishmentType</a> using <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r0VWpmNnEQdiJDq0mDlTBkQ" class="cyc_term">ProcessFn</a> (q.v.). ProcessType teaching Teaching One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a> of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString skilled activity This is the collection of collections of activities which require some specialized skill to perform--i.e., to play any role which is a specPred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1HmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">doneBy</a>. So, all skilled activities are learned, but not all learned activities are skilled. For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvm8XOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LearnedActivityType</a> but not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvbVrl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SkilledActivityType</a>. Since every normal person learns to walk, it requires no special skill. In contrast, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYn_nZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Juggling</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvbVrl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SkilledActivityType</a>, for most people do not know how to juggle. SkilledActivityType Cyc 101 training Cyc101Training teaching Teaching One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a> of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer.