]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVib1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Specification</a>. Each instance of this collection is not a computer program itself (i.e. lines of code), but an abstract characterization of how a program should behave. For instance, a sorting program can be specified by requiring that the program's output be a list of the same elements as the input such that no element follows an element that is greater than it. A notable example of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a> is UNIX - which is not (contrary to popular belief) an operating system per se, but a specification to which many different operating systems (instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvwJcVZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnixOS</a>) conform. Note that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a> do not necessarily specify single, discrete programs -- thus many of the internet's "RFC" protocol-establishing documents (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwL2Ud5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RequestForComments_Internet</a>) fall into this collection. ProgramSpecification program specification program specifications http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_specification inductive logic programming mode A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rKgDylG5kQdmM5K3S1kRDJg" class="cyc_term">InductiveLogicProgrammingMode</a> constitute part of the settings for inductive logic programs like #$ALEPH. Specifically, they serve to increase the efficiency of the system by constraining the search space of possible rules. InductiveLogicProgrammingMode (SpecificationTypeFromParameterTypeFn (ParameterTypeOfProgramFn CycAnalyticEnvironment-TheProgram)) Specification Type From Parameter Type Fn Parameter Type Of Program Fn the Cyc Analytic Environment InductiveLogicProgrammingDetermination inductive logic programming determination A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rKK6YdG5kQdmejZDbI0raNg" class="cyc_term">InductiveLogicProgrammingDetermination</a> constitute part of the settings for inductive logic programs like <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtJjJzHYqQdmO1f3q8REXOA" class="cyc_term">ALEPH_ILPProgram</a>. Specifically, they enumerate the relevant predicates that will be investigated by the program while performing induction. ScoringSoftwareStrategy A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rzbW43Ji9EdqAAAACs4vPlg" class="cyc_term">ScoringStrategy</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rzqxwMpi9EdqAAAACs4vPlg" class="cyc_term">ScoringSoftwareStrategy</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a> that characterizes how a scoring program should behave. For example, a video game that awards points based on players' performance might have several strategies that reflect different levels of difficulty. scoring software strategy <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCy9_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaClass</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCy9_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaClass</a> determine what sorts of operations programs written in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQfjYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaProgrammingLanguage</a> are able to perform when they include the class and are interpreted by an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvbND75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaVirtualMachine</a>. Java class JavaClass MachineProtocol machine protocol A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rxo_VAPHDEdaO6gABAkLVdg" class="cyc_term">Protocol</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVib1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Specification</a>. The collection of all protocols that specify how machines should behave in order to participate in some larger system or to be considered to be of a particular type. To be considered a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rxo_VAPHDEdaO6gABAkLVdg" class="cyc_term">Protocol</a>, this interaction of system with system must involve communication, as opposed to direct action as gears perform on each other in a gearbox. Examples: There are rules that specify how a device should behave electrically in order to be considered a node on a 10 base-T Ethernet network, and there are rules about what types of messages to send to interact with a SOAP-based service on a network. NetworkProtocol <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvzDExpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetworkProtocol</a> is the collection of all protocols for communication over computer networks. Many of the protocols governing communication over the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVnZe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Internet</a> find expression in so called "Request For Comment" documents (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwL2Ud5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RequestForComments_Internet</a>). network protocol The collection of specifications that deal not with how an entire program should behave, but with how a part of a program ought to behave. ProgramStepSpecification program step specification Specification Type From Parameter Type Fn NL parsing parameter (SpecificationTypeFromParameterTypeFn NLParsingParameter) reformulation specification ReformulationSpecification <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rRLf3MAmAQdiZI9Tr-RY16w" class="cyc_term">ReformulationSpecification</a> is the collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a>s for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5UqfZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLReformulator</a>. Instance of this collection (known as 'reformulator calls') - will be linked to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rSAGW0AmAQdiC5OBZX-GRVQ" class="cyc_term">ReformulationParameter</a>s that govern how the reformulator modifies CycL formulae. Reformulator calls are specified via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rijhYLnyFEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">softwareParameterValueInSpecification</a>. DocumentDisambiguatorGlobalSpecification Document Disambiguator Global Specification POSIX POSIX A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViHlJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Unix</a>. "POSIX" stands for "Portable Operating System Interface", and is an IEEE standard designed to facilitate application portability. POSIX is an attempt by a consortium of vendors to create a single standard version of UNIX. If they are successful, it will make it easier to port applications between hardware platforms. For more information, see <a href= "http://www.pasc.org">http://www.pasc.org</a>. UNIX Unix An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViHlJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Unix</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViws5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OperatingSystem</a> specification. Usually Unix operating systems are written in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViLJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">C_ProgrammingLanguage</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8H-YJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Linux</a> is a common implementation of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViHlJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Unix</a>. For the collection of all Unix operating systems, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvwJcVZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnixOS</a>. ObjectType The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. type of object A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVib1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Specification</a>. Each instance of this collection is not a computer program itself (i.e. lines of code), but an abstract characterization of how a program should behave. For instance, a sorting program can be specified by requiring that the program's output be a list of the same elements as the input such that no element follows an element that is greater than it. A notable example of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a> is UNIX - which is not (contrary to popular belief) an operating system per se, but a specification to which many different operating systems (instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvwJcVZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnixOS</a>) conform. Note that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a> do not necessarily specify single, discrete programs -- thus many of the internet's "RFC" protocol-establishing documents (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwL2Ud5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RequestForComments_Internet</a>) fall into this collection. ProgramSpecification program specification A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVib1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Specification</a>. Each instance of this collection is not a computer program itself (i.e. lines of code), but an abstract characterization of how a program should behave. For instance, a sorting program can be specified by requiring that the program's output be a list of the same elements as the input such that no element follows an element that is greater than it. A notable example of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a> is UNIX - which is not (contrary to popular belief) an operating system per se, but a specification to which many different operating systems (instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvwJcVZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnixOS</a>) conform. Note that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a> do not necessarily specify single, discrete programs -- thus many of the internet's "RFC" protocol-establishing documents (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwL2Ud5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RequestForComments_Internet</a>) fall into this collection. ProgramSpecification program specification specification A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVib1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Specification</a> is an abstract work that constitutes a description of the properties of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYjIS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Situation</a> or a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi255wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a>, and sometimes even entire collections of such things. Things are made, bought, and searched for according to specifications, which can be instantiated as printed instructions or as diagrams. This collection is modally neutral with regard to the descriptive character of its instances. Thus, it includes descriptions of how things are, were, should be, must be, etc. Specification Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVib1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Specification</a>. Each instance of this collection is not a computer program itself (i.e. lines of code), but an abstract characterization of how a program should behave. For instance, a sorting program can be specified by requiring that the program's output be a list of the same elements as the input such that no element follows an element that is greater than it. A notable example of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a> is UNIX - which is not (contrary to popular belief) an operating system per se, but a specification to which many different operating systems (instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvwJcVZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnixOS</a>) conform. Note that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramSpecification</a> do not necessarily specify single, discrete programs -- thus many of the internet's "RFC" protocol-establishing documents (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwL2Ud5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RequestForComments_Internet</a>) fall into this collection. ProgramSpecification program specification