]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Keyboard-MusicalInstrument music keyboard Instances of this collection are musical instruments which are played by means of a standard musical keyboard. In cases where such instances are also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPu5fpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalInstrument_Acoustic</a>, the instance will also be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjXt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringInstrument</a>: paradigm cases are the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWOxBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Harpsichord</a>, where striking a key causes a string to be plucked, and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Piano_Acoustic</a>, where striking a key causes a string to be hammered. However, since the advent of the electronic age, many kinds of electronic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjf7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Keyboard_MusicalInstrument</a> have been produced which are not stringed instruments. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1BJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectronicMusicalKeyboard</a>. music keyboards keyboards keyboard http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument Instances are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPu5fpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalInstrument_Acoustic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjf7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Keyboard_MusicalInstrument</a>. All instances share the characteristic feature that depressing a key will entrain a mechanical process that results in the plucking of a taut string, causing a vibration which is audible as a musical tone. Thus, instances are also considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjXt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringInstrument</a>. The process is similar to that used in instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Piano_Acoustic</a>, with the signal difference that in instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Piano_Acoustic</a> the string is hammered, not plucked. harpsichord Harpsichord piano Instances of this collection are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPu5fpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalInstrument_Acoustic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjf7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Keyboard_MusicalInstrument</a>. All have the feature that depressing one of the keys entrains a mechanical process whereby a string of taut piano wire is hammered, producing a vibration that is audible as a musical tone. For this reason instances are also properly considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViS45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PercussionInstrument</a>. A similar process occurs in instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWOxBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Harpsichord</a>, with the signal difference being that in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWOxBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Harpsichord</a>, the strings are plucked, not hit. Piano-Acoustic Instances are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjf7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Keyboard_MusicalInstrument</a> which employ a standard musical keyboard, and where the musical tone produced by depressing any key is generated by an electronic rather than a purely mechanical process. ElectronicMusicalKeyboard electronic keyboard organ Organ-MusicalInstrument The collection of all organs, a type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjf7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Keyboard_MusicalInstrument</a>. Organs are musical keyboard instruments designed to be played using the hands and feet.. Keyboard-MusicalInstrument Instances of this collection are musical instruments which are played by means of a standard musical keyboard. In cases where such instances are also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPu5fpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalInstrument_Acoustic</a>, the instance will also be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjXt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringInstrument</a>: paradigm cases are the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWOxBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Harpsichord</a>, where striking a key causes a string to be plucked, and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Piano_Acoustic</a>, where striking a key causes a string to be hammered. However, since the advent of the electronic age, many kinds of electronic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjf7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Keyboard_MusicalInstrument</a> have been produced which are not stringed instruments. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1BJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectronicMusicalKeyboard</a>. music keyboard A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> (q.v.). Moreover, each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a> is a collection that is temporally stuff-like (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>) but physically-spatially object-like (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>) -- i.e. object-like with respect to some physical-spatial part-whole predicate (e.g. some specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r8a2smPXcQdiEoJhcx65EiQ" class="cyc_term">properPhysicalDecompositions</a>). Consider the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>. Further, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is temporally stuff-like: any one of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a given copy <code>COPY</code> of (say) "Moby Dick" is still a copy of "Moby Dick". (Most collections of tangible objects are temporally stuff-like in this way.) But <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is spatially object-like: if we take a scalpel and slice <code>COPY</code> into ten pieces, each piece is not a copy of "Moby Dick". So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>. ExistingObjectType type of object MusicalInstrument A collection of physical devices. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjI6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalInstrument</a> is a device that (in the standard case) is designed to be manipulated by a person to generate music -- that is, s/he successively plays the notes of the music by manipulating the instrument during the playing. Possibly the player also supplies by muscle power the force that produces the sound, but possibly it uses another power source (e.g., electricity, or steam). The music may or may not be of his or her own composition, but the player's actions determine that the notes are produced by the instrument (in the standard sense). Note: If the directive role of the human player is subsumed by the device -- as it is, e.g., by some electronic instruments which are programmable and/or pre-programmed to produce music or musical sounds -- the device loses some of its instrument-like quality, and some automated uses may be abnormal cases of `playing' an instrument. An older but analogous example is: player pianos. If the device is pre-programmed so that humans can't direct the music at all, then the device is not a musical instrument (but a musical device) -- for example, music boxes. Also excluded from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjI6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalInstrument</a> are devices which produce music `at random' (such as wind chimes). Devices such as radios, tape decks, CD players, which are used to play wholly pre-recorded or otherwise other-controlled music, are also not included in this collection. musical instrument Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString kind of artifact not distinguished by brand or model An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwO3H5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtifactType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rejmDbrF_QdeIENT1qpbYzQ" class="cyc_term">ArtifactTypeByGenericCategory</a> is a collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkH_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact</a>s grouped together according to some feature(s) other than brand or model. ArtifactTypeByGenericCategory Keyboard-MusicalInstrument Instances of this collection are musical instruments which are played by means of a standard musical keyboard. In cases where such instances are also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPu5fpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalInstrument_Acoustic</a>, the instance will also be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjXt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringInstrument</a>: paradigm cases are the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWOxBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Harpsichord</a>, where striking a key causes a string to be plucked, and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Piano_Acoustic</a>, where striking a key causes a string to be hammered. However, since the advent of the electronic age, many kinds of electronic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjf7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Keyboard_MusicalInstrument</a> have been produced which are not stringed instruments. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1BJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectronicMusicalKeyboard</a>. music keyboard A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> is a collection C of spatial things (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>), where each of the spatial things in C is spatially disjoint with the other spatial things in C. For example, the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a>, since dogs do not spatially overlap. Even pregnant dogs do not spatially overlap the pups they bear; rather, pregnant dogs contain their unborn pups. Other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwVGrQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LatitudeLine</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvW4n1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompactDisc_Audio</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwR7UWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlanetaryBody</a>. An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjlE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointRegionType</a> (a collection of specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViACZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeographicalRegion</a>, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">City</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwT-n15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrueContinent</a>). spatially disjoint object type SpatiallyDisjointObjectType Keyboard-MusicalInstrument Instances of this collection are musical instruments which are played by means of a standard musical keyboard. In cases where such instances are also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPu5fpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalInstrument_Acoustic</a>, the instance will also be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjXt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringInstrument</a>: paradigm cases are the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWOxBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Harpsichord</a>, where striking a key causes a string to be plucked, and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Piano_Acoustic</a>, where striking a key causes a string to be hammered. However, since the advent of the electronic age, many kinds of electronic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjf7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Keyboard_MusicalInstrument</a> have been produced which are not stringed instruments. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1BJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectronicMusicalKeyboard</a>. music keyboard Keyboard-MusicalInstrument Instances of this collection are musical instruments which are played by means of a standard musical keyboard. In cases where such instances are also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPu5fpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalInstrument_Acoustic</a>, the instance will also be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjXt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringInstrument</a>: paradigm cases are the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWOxBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Harpsichord</a>, where striking a key causes a string to be plucked, and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Piano_Acoustic</a>, where striking a key causes a string to be hammered. However, since the advent of the electronic age, many kinds of electronic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjf7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Keyboard_MusicalInstrument</a> have been produced which are not stringed instruments. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1BJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectronicMusicalKeyboard</a>. music keyboard