]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national president national presidents http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPerson</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a> is a person who holds the office of President of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>. United States president UnitedStatesPresident PresidentOfChina president of China The collection of persons who hold, or have held, the office of President in China. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rRcJbkluqEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PresidentOfIran</a> is the collection of persons who hold the office of President in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj11JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Iran</a>. At any given time this collection will have at most one instance. president of iran PresidentOfIran president of Russia PresidentOfRussia The collection of persons who hold, or have held, the office of President in Russia. President Hastings Banda HastingsKamuzuBanda The current HeadOfState of the country of Dominica Clarence Augustus Seignoret ClarenceAugustusSeignoret MoussaTraore Moussa Traore Samora Machel SamoraMachel Andrei Gromyko AndreiGromyko Hosni Mubarak HosniMubarak The President-HeadOfState of Egypt-AtPresent. Jean-Bertrand Aristide Jean-BertrandAristide MohammedSiadBarrah Mohammed Siad Barrah Hammer De Roburt The current HeadOfState of the country of Nauru HammerDeRoburt Aristide Pereira The current HeadOfState of the country of CapeVerde AristidePereira The president-HeadOfState of WestGermany-AtPresent. RichardVonWeizsacker Richard Von Weizsacker The current HeadOfState of the Philippines-1986. Ferdinand Marcos FerdinandEMarcos Mohamed Ibrahim Egal has been the president of the Republic Of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwD70KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Somaliland</a> from its founding in 1991 through the year 2000. He achieved independence from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViJzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Somalia</a>, but has not been able to get <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwD70KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Somaliland</a> recognized diplomatically. Egal MohamedIbrahimEgal OlesegunObasanjo Olesegun Obasanjo The President-HeadOfState of Yugoslavia-1986. Veselin Diuranovic VeselinDiuranovic Siaka Stevens SiakaPStevens Lansana Conte LansanaConte MiltonObote The President-HeadOfState of Uganda-AtPresent. Milton Obote The current HeadOfState of the country of Maldives MaumoonAbdulGayoom Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Leon Febres Cordero LeonFebres-Cordero The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalEcuador-AtPresent Haji Chamkani The president-HeadOfState and also the PresidentOfTheRevolutionaryCouncil of Afthanisthan-AtPresent. HajiMohammadChamkani Mohammad Zia Ul-Haq The President-HeadOfGovernment of Pakistan-AtPresent. MohammadZiaUl-Haq Corazon Aquino CorazonAquino Luis Alberto Monge Alvarez LuisAlbertoMongeAlvarez Salvador Jorge Blanco The current HeadOfState of the country of the DominicanRepublic SalvadorJorgeBlanco ChadliBendjedid The HeadOfState of Algeria-1988. Chadli Bendjedid Hernan Siles Zuazo HernanSilesZuazo TeodoroObiangNguemaMbasogo Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Benazir Bhutto BenazirBhutto MaunoKoivisto Mauno Koivisto Finland's President-HeadOfState from 1988 to 1994. The person who is President-HeadOfState of BurkinaFaso-1986 Thomas Sankara ThomasSankara President Sinan Hasani SinanHasani The President-HeadOfState of Yugoslavia-1988. Chengara Veetil Devan Nair The President-HeadOfState of Singapore-AtPresent. ChengaraVeetilDevanNair AugustoPinochetUgarte The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalChile-AtPresent Augusto Pinochet Ugarte The President-HeadOfState of Bangladesh-AtPresident. HosainMohammadErshad Hosain Mohammad Ershad President Samuel Doe SamuelKDoe RudolfKirchschlaeger Rudolf Kirchschlaeger The President-HeadOfState of Austria-1986. RamaswamyVenkataraman Ramaswamy Venkataraman The president-headOfState of SouthKorea ChunDooHwan Chun Doo Hwan WeeKimWee Wee Kim Wee The President-HeadOfState of Singapore-1988. HafezAlAssad Hafez al-Asad President of Syria from 1971-2000. Linden Forbes Burnham LindenForbesBurnham The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalGuyana-1986. MarttiAhtisaari Martti Ahtisaari The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalTrinidad&Tobago-AtPresent Ellis EI Clarke EllisEIClarke Todor Zhivkov The HeadOfState of Bulgaria. TodorZhivkov The President-HeadOfGovernment of Cambodia-AtPresent. Heng Samrin HengSamrin RobertoSuazoCordova The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalHonduras-1986. President Roberto Cordova The person who is President-HeadOfState of Djibouti-1986 HassanGouledAptidon Hassan Gouled Aptidon Li Xiannian LiXiannian Chaim Herzog The President-HeadOfState of Israel-AtPresent ChaimHerzog Aleksandr Lukashenko AleksandrLukashenko The current HeadOfState of the country of the DominicanRepublic-1988. JoaquinBalaguer President Joaqin Balaguer President Suharto Suharto Antonio Dos Santos Ramalho Eanes AntonioDosSantosRamalhoEanes The current HeadOfState of the country of Portugal-1986. MiguelDeLaMadridHurtado Miguel De La Madrid Hurtado Kim Il Sung KimIl-Sung Pervez Musharraf PervezMusharraf FidelCastroRuz Fidel Castro JiangZemin Jiang Zemin Jiang was elected President of the People's Republic of China in March 1993. ChristosSartzetakis The President-HeadOfState of Greece-AtPresent. Christos Sartzetakis The President-HeadOfState of Laos-AtPresent. Souphanouvong Souphanouvong Frederick Chiluba FrederickChiluba Megawati Sukarnoputri MegawatiSukarnoputri SeyniKountche Seyni Kountche The person who is President-HeadOfState of Niger-AtPresent. DanielArapMoi Daniel Arap Moi KurtWaldheim Kurt Waldheim The President-HeadOfState of Austria-AtPresident. Paul Kagame PaulKagame FrancoisMitterrand The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalFrance-AtPresent. Francois Mitterand Raul Alfonsin RaulAlfonsin President Quett Masire The person who is President-HeadOfState of Botswana-1986 QuettMasire Jose Duarte JoseNapoleonDuarte The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalElSalvador-AtPresent. FernandoHenriqueCardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national president A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national president A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national president PoliticsAndGovernment-Geography-Topic politics and government geography topic Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString type of position A collection of collections. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is a collection representing a type of position in an organization. More precisely, each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is the collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> who typically hold that position within some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a> or other. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ryPJOODDbQdic45ams7ynvA" class="cyc_term">Scout</a> is the collection of all persons who are scouts -- e.g. people who lead people through wilderness areas or jungles. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ryPJOODDbQdic45ams7ynvA" class="cyc_term">Scout</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> because typically a scout performs those duties within the context of their employment with some organization or other. Some other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrzr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mayor</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWO8wpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CampaignManager</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjqs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Director_Movie</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-ikj5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BaseballShortstop</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjKbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Secretary</a>. Obviously, which position-types are filled in a given organization partly depends on the type of organization it is; thus cities have mayors while business firms do not. <p/> Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is _not_ a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> (q.v.); the latter categorizes workers according to the kinds of activities they perform at work rather than the positions organization members hold in their respective organizations. The typical activities of a vice president of a toy manufacturer (e.g.) are likely to be very unlike those of the vice president of a stamp club. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> need not be a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a>. <p/> Since every action is taken to be performed as part of one's job in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViLlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JobMt</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> <i>is</i> a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> there. PersonTypeByPositionInOrg A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj3UZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueenElizabethII</a>, <font color="#ff0000">#$YassirArafat</font>, <font color="#ff0000">#$Hirohito</font>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ruhcttPM6QdaeBJmcoMObkQ" class="cyc_term">JiangZemin</a>. See also the related constants <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhy8OJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">titleOfPosition</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. head of state HeadOfState A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national president PresidentOfOrganization A collection of people. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJmRJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PresidentOfOrganization</a> is a person who is among the highest leaders of some organization. Presidents often represent their organizations to outside entities, and may or may not have day-to-day authority within their organizations. president of an organization HeadOfStateTypeByTitle A collection of collections. Each instance is a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> whose instances are all of the same title. head of state type by title A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national president