]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj3UZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueenElizabethII</a>, #$YassirArafat, #$Hirohito, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ruhcttPM6QdaeBJmcoMObkQ" class="cyc_term">JiangZemin</a>. See also the related constants <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhy8OJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">titleOfPosition</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. head of state HeadOfState http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state statesmen chief of state statesman heads of state chiefs of state The collection of all sultans. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>. The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2QZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sultan_HeadOfState</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r0pQh5NmKQdeTouvwJLt9Aw" class="cyc_term">HeadOfStateTypeByTitle</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a>. sultan Sultan-HeadOfState Chairman-HeadOfState chairman The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> in a country where Chariman-HeadOfState is the highest ranking state office. The coRegent of a country which is always a CoRegency. coregent CoRegent-HeadOfState regent head of state Regent-HeadOfState A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>. Each instance is someone who rules during the absence or incapacity or minority of the country's monarch. Premier-HeadOfState premier The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Premier_HeadOfState</a> of a country tyrant A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>. Each instance is a ruler in ancient Greece who had seized power without legal right to it. Tyrant-AncientGreece A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national president elected head of state The collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> who are heads of state as the result of a free and fair election. HeadOfState-Elected The collection of all monarchs. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjdhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Monarch_HeadOfState</a> is a person who is a member of some royal family and is also a head of state. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjdhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Monarch_HeadOfState</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a>. monarch Monarch-HeadOfState MuammarAl-Qaddafi Muammar Qaddafi The present <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViCzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Libya</a>. Liamine Zeroual LiamineZeroual MengistuHaileMariam Mengistu Haile Mariam MohammedBuhari The General who is HeadOfState of Nigeria-AtPresent. Mohammed Buhari Tse-tung Mao MaoTse-tung The current HeadOfState of the country of Cyprus Spyros Kyprianou SpyrosKyprianou Hun Sen HunSen The Premier-HeadOfState of Cambodia-AtPresent. The current HeadOfState of the country of Haiti-1988. HenriNamphy Henri Namphy Chiang Ching kuo ChiangChing-kuo The current HeadOfState of the country of Taiwan TruongChinh The Chairman-HeadOfState of Vietnam-AtPresent. Truong Chinh The current HeadOfState of the country of Haiti Jean Claude Duvalier Jean-ClaudeDuvalier Hissen Habre HissenHabre Muhammad Khan Junejo MuhammadKhanJunejo The HeadOfState of Pakistan-AtPresent. MinitaGordon The HeadOfState of PoliticalBelize-AtPresent Minita Gordon head of state or government (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet HeadOfState HeadOfGovernment)) person A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVilYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndividualAgent</a>: the collection of all persons. Personhood is a vague, emotionally loaded yet extremely salient concept with respect to common-sense reasoning. Something is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> if it is an individual <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> with perceptual sensibility, capable of complex social relationships, and possessing a certain moral sophistication and an intrinsic moral value, or -- if it lacks certain of these characteristics -- is a member of a distinct type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (usually a species) which generally possesses such characteristics and is therefore acknowledged by other members of that type as a person within their social systems. Most currently known instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rIcwFloGUQdeMlsOWYLFB2w" class="cyc_term">HomoSapiens</a> but there is no reason why all need be (consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdRsSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hobbit</a>s in the fictional world of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi8lZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LordOfTheRings_Trilogy</a>). They need not even be instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVim7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologicalLivingObject</a> (consider the possibility of a person-like AI). Also note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> excludes non-human "legal persons", who are, however, included in the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgent</a>. Person A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj3UZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueenElizabethII</a>, #$YassirArafat, #$Hirohito, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ruhcttPM6QdaeBJmcoMObkQ" class="cyc_term">JiangZemin</a>. See also the related constants <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhy8OJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">titleOfPosition</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. head of state HeadOfState <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. BT broaderTerm <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1SXhZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByFacetedActivityType</a> is a collection of collections. Each element is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a> that itself has been faceted in at least one way. This collection, which facets <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>,can be used to generate English questions to aid classification in a clarification dialogue. To make the interface user-friendly, the range of answers to these questions should be small. Since this collection currently (01/00) has fewer than 20 elements, it will be more useful than the faceting of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a>, which has over 800 instances. See #$NoteAboutHowFacetAssertionsAreUsed. PersonTypeByFacetedActivityType person type by faceted activity type political figure Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqQNLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Celebrity_Political</a> are people (actually, subabstractions of people) who are well-known due to their involvement, however tangential, in politics. Celebrity-Political A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj3UZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueenElizabethII</a>, #$YassirArafat, #$Hirohito, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ruhcttPM6QdaeBJmcoMObkQ" class="cyc_term">JiangZemin</a>. See also the related constants <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhy8OJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">titleOfPosition</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. head of state HeadOfState PoliticsAndGovernment-Geography-Topic politics and government geography topic A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj3UZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueenElizabethII</a>, #$YassirArafat, #$Hirohito, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ruhcttPM6QdaeBJmcoMObkQ" class="cyc_term">JiangZemin</a>. See also the related constants <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhy8OJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">titleOfPosition</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. head of state HeadOfState Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5eJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Leader</a> is a person who heads an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a>. Typically, a leader of an organization makes major decisions on behalf of the whole organization, has the authority to direct the organization's personnel to carry out those decisions, and is empowered to engage or negotiate with external agents to achieve the organization's goals. This collection includes leaders of sub-organizations of larger organizations, such as department heads within larger organizations. Note that a single person may be a leader in more than one organization. See also the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjVTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">hasLeaders</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi_65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">seniorExecutives</a>, and the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3YpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Manager</a>. Leader leader type of position A collection of collections. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is a collection representing a type of position in an organization. More precisely, each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is the collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> who typically hold that position within some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a> or other. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ryPJOODDbQdic45ams7ynvA" class="cyc_term">Scout</a> is the collection of all persons who are scouts -- e.g. people who lead people through wilderness areas or jungles. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ryPJOODDbQdic45ams7ynvA" class="cyc_term">Scout</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> because typically a scout performs those duties within the context of their employment with some organization or other. Some other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrzr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mayor</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWO8wpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CampaignManager</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjqs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Director_Movie</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-ikj5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BaseballShortstop</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjKbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Secretary</a>. Obviously, which position-types are filled in a given organization partly depends on the type of organization it is; thus cities have mayors while business firms do not. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is _not_ a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> (q.v.); the latter categorizes workers according to the kinds of activities they perform at work rather than the positions organization members hold in their respective organizations. The typical activities of a vice president of a toy manufacturer (e.g.) are likely to be very unlike those of the vice president of a stamp club. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> need not be a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a>. Since every action is taken to be performed as part of one's job in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViLlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JobMt</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> there. PersonTypeByPositionInOrg Politician politician An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjntpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Politician</a> is a person who is involved in politics. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjntpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Politician</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv4AMiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectoralCandidate</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViNupwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfPoliticalParty</a>. A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj3UZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueenElizabethII</a>, #$YassirArafat, #$Hirohito, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ruhcttPM6QdaeBJmcoMObkQ" class="cyc_term">JiangZemin</a>. See also the related constants <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhy8OJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">titleOfPosition</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. head of state HeadOfState A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj3UZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueenElizabethII</a>, #$YassirArafat, #$Hirohito, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ruhcttPM6QdaeBJmcoMObkQ" class="cyc_term">JiangZemin</a>. See also the related constants <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhy8OJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">titleOfPosition</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. head of state HeadOfState A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSectorEmployee</a> and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQryspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicOfficial</a> is a person who holds a position that is directly involved with some aspect of governing a country (or subregion of a country). Many public offices in democratically governed countries are filled by election; some are filled by appointment. In other countries, public offices are sometimes filled by succession or by military decree. Note that public offices are represented in Cyc in terms of the collections of officials who hold those offices (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrzr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mayor</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a>) together with axioms describing the responsibilities those offices entail. public official PublicOfficial