]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhFtvNGqnQdeLusO9k_GjYA" class="cyc_term">RatioQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> is a multi-dimensional quantity made up of some quantity (e.g. distance traveled or money spent), taken with respect to -- i.e. divided by (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuotientFn</a>) -- a quantity of time (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViApZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Time_Quantity</a>). <p/> Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speed</a> (e.g. 55 mph), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj61JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Frequency</a> (e.g. 55 kHz), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryRate</a> (e.g. 55 cents per minute). <p/> See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfRate</a>, the collection of functions used to measure rates (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DollarsPerYear</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetersPerSecond</a>). rate Rate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate rates rate of fire RateOfFire PercentageRate Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r6533REo9QdmciunTwvlESg" class="cyc_term">PercentageRate</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntervalOnNumberLine</a> taken with respect to an amount of time. An example of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r6533REo9QdmciunTwvlESg" class="cyc_term">PercentageRate</a> is ((<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3YfGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PerFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViEcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Unity</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjq75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">YearsDuration</a>) (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViSq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Percent</a> 12.9)) which represents the rate of 12.9% per year. Note that this rate can also be expressed, equivalently, as ((<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3YfGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PerFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViEcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Unity</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjq75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">YearsDuration</a>) 0.129). percentage rate flow rate FlowRate A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj6kZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FlowRate</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVju5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Volume</a> taken with respect to (i.e. divided by; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuotientFn</a>) an amount of time (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViApZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Time_Quantity</a>). For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CubicFootPerSecond</a> 10) -- the flow rate of 10 cubic feet per second -- might be the rate at which the water in a given stream is flowing. <p/> See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViZ0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfFlowRate</a>. rate of monetary flow MonetaryRate A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjRRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MoneyRatio</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryRate</a> is an amount of money (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjU2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryValue</a>) taken with respect to an amount of time (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViApZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Time_Quantity</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryRate</a> include rates at which money is earned, spent, transferred, lost, and invested. <p/> An example of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryRate</a> is (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkHb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DollarsPerHour</a> 10), the rate of ten dollars per hour. <p/> See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViZkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMonetaryRate</a>. RateOfRotation rate of rotation A collection of scalar rates of rotation. CPU speed A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rUvY9WGVbQdeHqdFDNPL-tA" class="cyc_term">ComputerQuantity</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of this collection is some particular measure of computer CPU (central processing unit) power -- usually understood in some way in terms of speed in processing instructions. Instances of this collection are often denoted using functions such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi7MZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MIPS</a>, which fall into the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi6r5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfCPUSpeed</a>. CPUSpeed volatility A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rygxStLLcQdecMqyUNVYD1g" class="cyc_term">TangiblePhysicalQuantity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rSW8bsGVbQdeNtugJ3w7y1Q" class="cyc_term">DispositionalQuantity</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi-NZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Volatility_Physical</a> is a specific readiness of some liquid to evaporate. Higher volatility indicates a faster rate of evaporation. Volatilities of substances are indicated with the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi2kZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">volatilityOfSubstance</a> (q.v.). Volatility-Physical frequency Frequency A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj61JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Frequency</a> is the number of times something happens during some time interval. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj61JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Frequency</a> may be either single values (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViCW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarPointValue</a>), such as 103 kiloHertz, or a range of values, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViryZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rarely</a>. Note that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj61JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Frequency</a> are important in the characterization of types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQCA9ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WavePropagation</a>. ElectricalCurrentLevel current A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjhJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectricalCurrentLevel</a> is a rate of electrical flow, given in terms of the amount of charge (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkF25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectricalCharge</a>) per unit time. The standard unit of measure (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a>) for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjhJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectricalCurrentLevel</a> is the ampere (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ampere</a>). EventRate event rate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwRVZr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EventRate</a>, a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a>, is a collection of values (or more precisely <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>'s) for representing the rate of progress for arbitrary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>'s. This can be seen as a generalization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speed</a>, which just applies to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Movement_TranslationEvent</a>'s. angular acceleration rate AngularAccelerationRate A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkIDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AngularAccelerationRate</a> is a rate at which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViYB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RateOfRotation</a> (q.v.) of some object changes. Incidence The collection of all incidences. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rP9i8FCwaEdiUggAH6RYvSQ" class="cyc_term">Incidence</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkDZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantityType</a>. incidence <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgCnmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Permeability</a> is the capacity for a material to transmit fluids into or completely through its body. It is measured by the rate of volume at which a fluid of unit <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkEp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Viscosity</a> passes through a unit cross section of the material under a unit <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjtE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pressure</a> gradient. permeability Permeability Acceleration acceleration Acceleration is the change in speed of an object per unit time. It is a measurable physical quantity, measured in units such as MilesPerHourPerSecond. power A specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjcq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Power</a> is an amount of energy per some unit of time. Power Speed speed A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speed</a> is a rate of change in position (e.g., of a spatially localized thing, such as a physical object or a wave front). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speed</a> include (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkDkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilesPerHour</a> 65) and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkCy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mach_UnitOfSpeed</a> 2). rate composed of area over time RateOfSpread maximum rate MaximumRate A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhFtvNGqnQdeLusO9k_GjYA" class="cyc_term">RatioQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> is a multi-dimensional quantity made up of some quantity (e.g. distance traveled or money spent), taken with respect to -- i.e. divided by (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuotientFn</a>) -- a quantity of time (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViApZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Time_Quantity</a>). <p/> Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speed</a> (e.g. 55 mph), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj61JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Frequency</a> (e.g. 55 kHz), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryRate</a> (e.g. 55 cents per minute). <p/> See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfRate</a>, the collection of functions used to measure rates (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DollarsPerYear</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetersPerSecond</a>). rate Rate ratio quantity A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rU9w69qCIQdiaX7o2wbs-og" class="cyc_term">MultiDimensionalQuantity</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhFtvNGqnQdeLusO9k_GjYA" class="cyc_term">RatioQuantity</a> is a quantity that is derivable (via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuotientFn</a>) as a ratio of other quantities. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkDkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilesPerHour</a> 65) is a ratio quantity obtainable by dividing (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3VJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mile</a> 65) by (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HoursDuration</a> 1); and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViqP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoundsPerSquareInch</a> 50) is equal to <p/> <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuotientFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pound_UnitOfForce</a> 50) (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjPkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SquaredFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVihIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Inch</a> 1))) . </pre> <p/> Ratio quantities are used for measuring a difference or change in one quantity against a (usually incremental) difference or change in another quantity. When the later quantity is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViApZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Time_Quantity</a> (as in the first example above), the ratio quantity is an instance of the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a>. <p/> See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3YfGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PerFn</a>. RatioQuantity scalar intervals quantity topic ScalarIntervals-Quantity-Topic AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code><b>COL</b></code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (<i>ANECT</i>) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code><b>COL</b></code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code><b>INST</b></code> of <code><b>COL</b></code> is an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> essentially (i.e. <code><b>INST</b></code> is an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code><b>COL</b></code>. <p/> Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: <p/> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> <i>TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers</i>)) <p/> This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not <i>necessarily</i> true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. <p/> When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. <p/> Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhFtvNGqnQdeLusO9k_GjYA" class="cyc_term">RatioQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> is a multi-dimensional quantity made up of some quantity (e.g. distance traveled or money spent), taken with respect to -- i.e. divided by (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuotientFn</a>) -- a quantity of time (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViApZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Time_Quantity</a>). <p/> Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speed</a> (e.g. 55 mph), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj61JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Frequency</a> (e.g. 55 kHz), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryRate</a> (e.g. 55 cents per minute). <p/> See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfRate</a>, the collection of functions used to measure rates (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DollarsPerYear</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetersPerSecond</a>). rate Rate A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhFtvNGqnQdeLusO9k_GjYA" class="cyc_term">RatioQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> is a multi-dimensional quantity made up of some quantity (e.g. distance traveled or money spent), taken with respect to -- i.e. divided by (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuotientFn</a>) -- a quantity of time (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViApZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Time_Quantity</a>). <p/> Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speed</a> (e.g. 55 mph), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj61JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Frequency</a> (e.g. 55 kHz), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryRate</a> (e.g. 55 cents per minute). <p/> See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfRate</a>, the collection of functions used to measure rates (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DollarsPerYear</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetersPerSecond</a>). rate Rate Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString type of quantity A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkDZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantityType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rSGNLQK45EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">Quantity</a> (q.v.). Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkDZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantityType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwF4t15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TotallyOrderedQuantityType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjVk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnorderedQuantityType</a>. QuantityType A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhFtvNGqnQdeLusO9k_GjYA" class="cyc_term">RatioQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> is a multi-dimensional quantity made up of some quantity (e.g. distance traveled or money spent), taken with respect to -- i.e. divided by (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuotientFn</a>) -- a quantity of time (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViApZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Time_Quantity</a>). <p/> Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speed</a> (e.g. 55 mph), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj61JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Frequency</a> (e.g. 55 kHz), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryRate</a> (e.g. 55 cents per minute). <p/> See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfRate</a>, the collection of functions used to measure rates (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DollarsPerYear</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetersPerSecond</a>). rate Rate A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhFtvNGqnQdeLusO9k_GjYA" class="cyc_term">RatioQuantity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> is a multi-dimensional quantity made up of some quantity (e.g. distance traveled or money spent), taken with respect to -- i.e. divided by (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuotientFn</a>) -- a quantity of time (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViApZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Time_Quantity</a>). <p/> Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rate</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speed</a> (e.g. 55 mph), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj61JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Frequency</a> (e.g. 55 kHz), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryRate</a> (e.g. 55 cents per minute). <p/> See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfRate</a>, the collection of functions used to measure rates (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DollarsPerYear</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetersPerSecond</a>). rate Rate A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ret7qgOKgEdmAAAACs6hfSg" class="cyc_term">ConceptTypeByDomain</a> (q.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rC-8cJgBpEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasureConcept</a> are collections and relations having to do with unit of measurement functions and the kinds of quantities they return as values. Important specializations and instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a>, major specializations or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>, and relations that are important to measurement theory are instances of this collection. UnitOfMeasureConcept unit of measure concept