]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. LanguageGroupingType type of language grouping An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjy9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LanguageGroupingType</a> is a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5SKoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanLanguage</a> (q.v.). types of language grouping SignLanguage sign language A collection of languages. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-Tl2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SignLanguage</a> is a language in which hand gestures are the primary means of communication, instead of spoken utterances, e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTv7pJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AmericanSignLanguage</a>. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-Tl2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SignLanguage</a> is not itself a language, but a collection. pidgin language The collection of all pidgin languages. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvfatm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PidginLanguage</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjy9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LanguageGroupingType</a>. PidginLanguage Luorawetlan language 'Singleton' Siberian Arctic languages seemingly unrelated to any others, including each other LuorawetlanLanguageGrouping PapuanLanguageGrouping a necessary tho unsystematic indication of some/ sort or sorts of Papuan language papuan language A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5SKoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanLanguage</a>, <font color="#ff0000">#$ArtificialLanguage-Informal</font>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkzeeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DevisedStructuredActivity</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhTVd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConstructedHumanLanguage</a> is an artificially constructed language that can be used for everyday conversation. The collection is thus disjoint with both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8zbW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalLanguage</a>. Note, however, that a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhTVd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConstructedHumanLanguage</a> <i>might</i> evolve over time in a more-or-less &quot;natural&quot; manner, despite its artificial origin. ConstructedHumanLanguage artificial language DeadLanguageInUse The collection of all revived languages (erstwhile dead languages that are again in use). A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQuEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeadLanguageInUse</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjy9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LanguageGroupingType</a>. revived language CreoleLanguage languages based on a "combination" of 2 or more others; pidgins are 2nd languages for their speakers, creoles are mother tongues Creole language isolate LanguageIsolate 'Singleton' languages seemingly unrelated to any others dead language DeadLanguage A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViiqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeadLanguage</a> is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language (though written texts may survive and continue to be interpretable -- as is the case with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBy-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LatinLanguage</a>). natural gender language NaturalGenderLanguage A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a> in which at least some living things' grammatical genders are determined by their <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r5D3_dJCRQdeCo8EDjUMHoA" class="cyc_term">BiologicalSex</a>. Details are encoded by a series of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveXCwZLgEdeJcAACs6hcsw" class="cyc_term">languageUsesGrammaticalGender</a> statements. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj8VZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LivingLanguage</a> just in case it has at least one extant native speaker. living language LivingLanguage The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection LanguageGroupingType type of language grouping An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjy9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LanguageGroupingType</a> is a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5SKoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanLanguage</a> (q.v.). ObjectType The collection of all collections that are &quot;object-like&quot; in at least one respect. A collection <code><b>COL</b></code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> is <i>not</i> itself an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>; when this happens <code><b>COL</b></code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. <p/> More precisely, for a collection <code><b>COL</b></code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code><b>PARTPRED</b></code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code><b>OBJ1</b></code> and <code><b>OBJ2</b></code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>COL</b>)</code> and <code>(<b>PARTPRED</b> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>OBJ2</b>)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ2</b> <b>COL</b>)</code> does <i>not</i> hold. (Also sufficient for <code><b>COL</b></code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code><b>INVPARTPRED</b></code> of the <i>inverse</i> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(<b>INVPARTPRED</b> <b>OBJ2</b> <b>OBJ1</b>)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code><b>COL</b></code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in <i>nearly</i> all cases, <code><b>COL</b></code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. <p/> Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is <i>not</i> an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. <p/> See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. type of object Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString LanguageGroupingType type of language grouping An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjy9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LanguageGroupingType</a> is a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5SKoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanLanguage</a> (q.v.).