]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. NonNegativeNumber <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a> is the sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a> that excludes the negative reals. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a> is a number greater than or equal to zero -- for example, 0, 0.173, Pi, 4, and 101. Quantities measured in units -- for example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecondsDuration</a> 4) and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3VJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mile</a> 42) -- are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a>, but rather are instances of its super-collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3ockJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeScalarInterval</a>. non-negative number http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_and_non-negative_numbers non-negative numbers Real0-100 A number between 0 and 100 used to denote the real0-100age of what ever. real number one through one hundred positive number PositiveNumber A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a>. An instance NUMBER of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a> is also an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2r7MpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PositiveNumber</a> just in case NUMBER is greater than zero. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2r7MpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PositiveNumber</a> include 42 and 0.17, but not 0 or -5. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi_aZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeInteger</a> is the sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a> that excludes the negative integers. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi_aZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeInteger</a> is a whole number greater than or equal to zero -- for example, 0, 1, 2, 3, .... non-negative integer NonNegativeInteger Kw '<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rnv7-vvjYQdaTSYuw6pwFow" class="cyc_term">Kw_IonProductConstant</a>' denotes the real number: 1.0 x 10^-14. This is the ion-product constant for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a> at 25 degrees C. If refers to the product of the molarity of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eUPeu3rQdaO3PkIVBL6Gg" class="cyc_term">HydroniumIon</a>s and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNHJ3QPKpEdaGcgABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">HydroxideIon</a>s in water at 25 degrees C. Kw-IonProductConstant NonNegativeNumber non-negative number <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a> is the sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a> that excludes the negative reals. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a> is a number greater than or equal to zero -- for example, 0, 0.173, Pi, 4, and 101. Quantities measured in units -- for example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecondsDuration</a> 4) and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3VJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mile</a> 42) -- are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a>, but rather are instances of its super-collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3ockJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeScalarInterval</a>. NonNegativeScalarInterval A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>. An instance INTERVAL of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a> is also an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3ockJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeScalarInterval</a> just in case INTERVAL is a non-negative number or quantity. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3ockJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeScalarInterval</a> include all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a> (q.v.), as well as non-negative quantities such as (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjRp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Meter</a> 212), (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi5sJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Kilogram</a> 5), and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecondsDuration</a> 0). non-negative quantity or number NonNegativeNumber non-negative number <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a> is the sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a> that excludes the negative reals. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a> is a number greater than or equal to zero -- for example, 0, 0.173, Pi, 4, and 101. Quantities measured in units -- for example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecondsDuration</a> 4) and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3VJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mile</a> 42) -- are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a>, but rather are instances of its super-collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3ockJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeScalarInterval</a>. The collection of real numbers; a specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntervalOnNumberLine</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViCW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarPointValue</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a> is a single point on the real number line, which has no upper or lower bounds. Specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RationalNumber</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4D45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NegativeNumber</a>. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a> is also a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi4CpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComplexNumber</a> (q.v.), and any instance of the former constitutes a degenerate case of the latter, in that the value along the real's "imaginary axis" is zero (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwL5mhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ImaginaryNumber</a>). RealNumber real number AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code>COL</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (ANECT) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code>COL</code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code> essentially (i.e. <code>INST</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code>COL</code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code>COL</code>. Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers)) This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not necessarily true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the #$KRAKEN application to resolve natural language ambiguities. KE clarifying collection type KEClarifyingCollectionType NonNegativeNumber non-negative number <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a> is the sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a> that excludes the negative reals. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a> is a number greater than or equal to zero -- for example, 0, 0.173, Pi, 4, and 101. Quantities measured in units -- for example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecondsDuration</a> 4) and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3VJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mile</a> 42) -- are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a>, but rather are instances of its super-collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv3ockJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeScalarInterval</a>. MeasurableScalarIntervalType type of measurable scalar interval A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r91ZApkTvEdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">TotallyOrderedScalarIntervalType</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjZs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MeasurableScalarIntervalType</a> is a collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>s that are quantifiable; i.e. they are either purely numeric (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rnVZQSiCmEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">NumericInterval</a>) or quantities that can be assigned a numeric value (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rr-2NGp7sQdidoL5VyxYMGg" class="cyc_term">MeasurableQuantity</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjZs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MeasurableScalarIntervalType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjfYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProbabilityInterval</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViYB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RateOfRotation</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViApZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Time_Quantity</a>. Specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDcy85wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntegerTypeByRange</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rlsKf-MukQdiEYr6WbI2G4Q" class="cyc_term">MeasurableQuantityType</a>. Numbers-Math-Topic numbers-math-topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ret7qgOKgEdmAAAACs6hfSg" class="cyc_term">ConceptTypeByDomain</a> (q.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rC-8cJgBpEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasureConcept</a> are collections and relations having to do with unit of measurement functions and the kinds of quantities they return as values. Important specializations and instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a>, major specializations or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>, and relations that are important to measurement theory are instances of this collection. UnitOfMeasureConcept unit of measure concept