]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. LinguisticObjectType linguistic object type A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQ-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObject</a> (q.v.). types of linguistic object type of linguistic object linguistic object types SyntacticNodeTypeByCategory An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3FkD-IeSEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">SyntacticNodeTypeByCategory</a> is the collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4raH1iYqsNQdeV5cXb1nfHSw" class="cyc_term">SyntacticNode</a> whose instances share a common linguistic category (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3NCpgzCOEdaD6ACgycbRww" class="cyc_term">SententialConstituentType</a>). For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ri4vrcu4EQdeB4-edjDQt1g" class="cyc_term">SyntacticNode_VP</a> is the collection of instances of syntactic node whose syntactic category (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r8dEeNq2dQdedzs_T7Robww" class="cyc_term">syntacticNodeCategory</a>) is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjmYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VerbPhrase</a>. syntactic node type by category CycL assertion direction The collection of possible inference "directions" that a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV281JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLAssertion</a> can have. A given CycL assertion's direction (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">assertionDirection</a>) indicates something about how and when the assertion can be used in inferences by the Cyc system. More precisely: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWdCeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Backward_AssertionDirection</a> indicates that the assertion can only be used in inferences carried out when a query is asked; <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWgUY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Forward_AssertionDirection</a> indicates that the assertion can be used in inferences carried out at the time the assertion is added to the Knowledge Base as well as those carried out at ask-time; and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-nyLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Code_AssertionDirection</a> indicates that the assertion itself cannot be used in either backward (ask-time) or forward (assert-time) inferences, but is instead implemented in the underlying code of the Cyc system. Each CycL assertion has exactly one of the above three directions; the default direction is Forward for ground atomic assertions (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvcyGiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLClosedAtomicSentence</a>) and Backward for rule assertions. Note that a CycL sentence is given a direction at the time of its assertion to the system, and this fact _need_not_ be reflected in another, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">assertionDirection</a> assertion's being added to the system (as that would of course lead to an infinite regress). CycLAssertionDirection The collection of all types of entities used for representing in CycL the formal structures of natural-language semantics. type of formal semantic structure FormalSemanticStructureType ObliqueSubjectAlternationType Each instance of this collection is a type of alternation which does not involve a change in the transitivity of the verb but which does involve a change in the number of NPs the verb is involved with. Example: 'NP1 V NP2 [PP NP3]' structure may alternate with 'NP3 V NP2'. oblique subject alternation type The collection of all subcollections, or types, of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SententialConstituent</a>. Any instance of this collection is itself a collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SententialConstituent</a>s. SententialConstituentType type of sentential constituent transitivity alternation type TransitivityAlternationType Each instance of this collection is a type of alternation which affects a verb's transitivity. Example: The transitive 'NP V NP' structure may alternate with the intransitive 'NP V' or 'NP V PP'. computer data type The collection of all data types found in programming languages. Every instance of this collection should be a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rDkbmEUvwEdaZRgACs0uXdw" class="cyc_term">ProgramObject</a>. ComputerDatatypeType USBGNPlaceNameTypeByClassification A partition of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7Udi_ss6EdqAAAACs6hO_g" class="cyc_term">USBGNPlaceName</a> into facets according to one of four classifications determined by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r6iYumMs6EdqAAAACs6hO_g" class="cyc_term">USBoardOnGeographicNames</a>: 'conventional,' 'native,' 'variant,' or 'not verified.' USBGN place name type by classification type of source code package all instances of which are written in a common language A collection that facets <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBSjHwlYcEdaHvwACs0uXdw" class="cyc_term">SourceCodePackage</a> into collections of instances of source code packages that share a common instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a>. SourceCodePackageTypeByLanguage The collection of all affix categories. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvaNOjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonCategoryChangingAffix</a>. affix category AffixCategory LexicalWordType lexical word type <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDp5h5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWordType</a> is the collection of collections of words. Example: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EnglishWord</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a>, and so on. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwB1scpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWordTypeByLanguage</a>. NonTransitiveAlternationType non transitive alternation type Each instance of this collection is a type of alternation which does not involve a change in the transitivity of the verb. Example: The transitive 'NP1 V NP2 "to" NP3' structure may alternate with 'NP1 V NP3 NP2'. There are other possibilities as well. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQ-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObject</a>. Instances are objects that correspond to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv65Pt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> (either by being an actual text-string or by being a peg that stands for a contexualized text-string occurrence, as in a discourse model) for which it is known that there are no NL-to-CycL parsing methods that will produce a CycL interpretation. As such, this is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a>. linguistic object no parse available LinguisticObject-NoParseAvailable The set of lexical items which may attach to the beginning of a word. Example: 'un', as in 'unhappy'. LexicalPrefix prefix noun compound rule constraint semantic NounCompoundRuleConstraint-Semantic FormalGrammarSpecification formal grammar text The collection of all formal grammar texts, each being an actual text (not necesarily a conceptual work) containing a formal specification of the set of 'grammatically valid' relational structures (often <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s) allowed by the formal specification. The grammar is formal in that there is, in theory at least, a precise test (whether or not it is decidable or feasible) for compliance of a given structure with the specification. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>. alternation Alternation The set of alternations found in natural languages. AttributiveFrame attributive frame Frames for adjectives that can be used attributively, like 'happy' in 'a happy person'. geopolitical entity template The template parsing category for geopolitical entities. Example: Austin, Texas. GeopoliticalEntityTemplate Cyc token template TokenTemplate cyc L truth value sentence A collection of CycL sentences containing only the CycL sentences <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">True</a></code> and <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">False</a></code>, both of which are sentential constants. CycLTruthValueSentence NumberTemplate number template The collection of parsing template categories that map to numbers. Consonant Collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgFDnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Consonant</a>s. Consonants are those sounds produced when something in the vocal tract is obstructing the airflow. Example: The English letter "l" represents a consonant. consonant negative polarity item NegativePolarityItem LexicalInfix The set of lexical items which may attach somewhere in the middle of a word. Not found in English. lexical infix PPTemplate pp template Template for prepositional phrases. The semantics of the preposition is frequently bound up with the verb, thereby rendering a generic PP template of little use. However, PPTemplates are still very useful for rewrites of sentences, since they will match any PP exactly. generic pre-verb phrase modifying frame GenericPre-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame The collection of all frames for adverbs which modify verb phrases by left attaching them. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdRatJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GenericVerbPhraseModifyingFrame</a>. The concept <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwBrTO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GenericPre_VerbPhraseModifyingFrame</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. NounCompoundRuleConstraint-Syntactic noun compound rule constraint syntactic AffixRule affix rule The collection of all rules describing the combination of bases and affixes into morphologically complex words. WordNet adjective synset WordNetAdjectiveSynset The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLUnrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WordNetKnowledgeBase</a> synonmym sets whose speech part is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>. (NLPhraseWithFrameFn NLPhrase GenericPost-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame) phrase with generic post-verb phrase modifying frames LinguisticObject A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQ-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObject</a> is an intangible object that is part of some language or other, in a broad sense of "part" whereby <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQ-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObject</a>'s specializations include such diverse collections as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVis3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Title</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WordSense</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SententialConstituent</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViCWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonlexicalLinguisticObject</a>. linguistic object gerund phrase frame type GerundPhraseFrameType This frame is used for words that take a gerund phrase complement, possibly in addition to other complements. ditransitive frame This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is always -- in the case of English, at least -- an NP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, synsem>] DitransitiveNP-GenericFrameType TemporalTemplate temporal template The collection of parsing template categories that map to temporal prepositional phrases. LinguisticRegister A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQbmnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticRegister</a> is a style of language use conventionally associated with particular topics or socio-professional situations. Common examples have been given names ending in `-ese', for example, Legalese, but there are many more linguistic registers than those with such names. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQbmnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticRegister</a>s may be thought of as properties of languages, but they are not properties of individual expressions or of language users. linguistic register Determiner-Numeric numeric determiner The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWg__ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Postdeterminer</a>s that represent numeric values. These are generally cardinal numbers (e.g. my three children). Thus, all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPKud5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_SP</a>s are also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rviLOj5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner_Numeric</a>s. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rSD5hpnyBEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">ELInferenceBindingSet</a> represents one complete answer to a CycL Query. An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rSD5hpnyBEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">ELInferenceBindingSet</a> is a set of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rzjF0PnyAEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">ELInferenceBinding</a>s, with one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rzjF0PnyAEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">ELInferenceBinding</a> for each free variable present in the query formula. Such binding sets are constructed for representation in the KB by using the function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a>. ELInferenceBindingSet CycL inference binding set proper name Name A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a>. Each instance of this collection is a (proper) name -- a word by which an entity is designated and distinguished from others -- for e.g. #$Cassandra-TheName, #$Sidney-TheName. Note that this collection contains names not just for people, but for other nameable entities (such as pets, intelligent computer programs...). However, the most notable specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0xsZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanGivenName</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2Wq-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanSurname</a>. For a representation of the actual string of letters which makes up any given name, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjokpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNameString</a> and its specializations (and see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGMKe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">nameSpelling</a> for relating the two). PrefixRule The collection of all rules describing the combination of bases and prefixes into morphologically complex words. prefix rule HumanFemaleGivenName The collection of all human female names. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0xsZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanGivenName</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-Y29ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanFemaleGivenName</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-Y29ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanFemaleGivenName</a> is a name typically given to females, as opposed to males. human female name OpenClassWord The collection of all words which are members of open lexical classes, namely those with a potentially unlimited membership. The open lexical classes are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s. open-class word NounCompoundRule noun compound rule The collection of all rules used by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLH9sJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NounPhraseParser</a>. A past participle form of a verb. This is commonly used in passives that map into event types. verb participle template VerbParticipleTemplate LinguisticRule The collection of all rules that describe how complex linguistic objects are composed of simpler ones. linguistic rule syntactic node matrix clause SyntacticNode-MatrixClause A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgnSuyu4EQdeSLqYMxap51A" class="cyc_term">SyntacticNode_Sentential</a>. These <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4raH1iYqsNQdeV5cXb1nfHSw" class="cyc_term">SyntacticNode</a>s specifically represent 'matrix' ('root') clauses, i.e., they may not be embedded in other syntactic trees. The collection of all rules describing the combination of bases and suffixes into morphologically complex words. SuffixRule suffix rule ProperNamePredicate-Loose loose proper name predicate Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXygrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNamePredicate_Loose</a> are all the lexical predicates that can be used for the purpose of temporarily and rapidly registering the information that a certain STRING is (one of the) name(s) for a certain FORT. The salient feature of the predicates that are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXygrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNamePredicate_Loose</a> is that assertions made using those predicates are not guaranteed to contain all the grammatical information that would be necessary to handle morphological variants of the strings that appear in those assertions. For example, such assertions would not contain information on whether the STRING argument, can or cannot be pluralized when referring to the FORT argument. A prototypical example of such a predicate would be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgpArJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">termStrings</a>. Compare to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvs_C9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNamePredicate_Strict</a>. generic quantity template This template category covers all the ways one might express <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViZjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GenericQuantity</a>s. This allows us to parse different parts of speech that may be used to express the same CycL semantics. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVif6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">highAmountOf</a> might be expressed by 'high', 'a lot of', 'much', or 'very'. GenericQuantityTemplate The collection of all grammar symbols used in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYZUOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammarSpecification</a>s to represent structural units. For example, in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDgAdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContextFreeGrammar</a>, with the rule 'S --> VP+NP' meaning that a sentence S consists of a verb phrase VP followed by a noun phrase NP, all three symbols, S, VP and NP, are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQ02BJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SyntaxSpecificationSymbol</a>s. SyntaxSpecificationSymbol syntax specification symbol triple complement frame type TripleComplementFrameType Frames for words that take three complements. Example: 'Fred took the plane from London to Paris.' The set of items which form the lexicon of English. This includes both free morphemes, like 'dog', and bound morphemes, like affixes. EnglishLexicalItem english lexical item TransitiveGerundPPFrameType transitive gerund PP frame type Frames used for verbs appearing in the progressive aspect that have a single PP complement. Examples include 'Fred is looking at Steve', and 'The dog is sitting on the rug'. TextStringOccurrence text string occurrence Instances of this collection are specific passages within some larger textual structure (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvafsxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GraphicalStructure</a>) such as a document (c.f., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rFpvsbLVEEdaAAAACs6MxsQ" class="cyc_term">NLDocument</a>), paragraph (c.f., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZ3gqxqpIEdaAAABQ2sS97g" class="cyc_term">NLParagraph</a>), or sentence (c.f., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1wpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLSentence</a>). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsIexypEdQdeIh_ZoYcoSsQ" class="cyc_term">TextStringOccurrence</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r076hGgRjEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">ContextualizedInformationStructure</a>; it's instances are thus individuated not only in terms of their internal information structure (e.g.. in terms of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv65Pt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextString</a>s) but also by their relative position within the larger structure. So, for example, if some document contains several occurances of the string "green eggs and ham," each is a distinct instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsIexypEdQdeIh_ZoYcoSsQ" class="cyc_term">TextStringOccurrence</a> (one for each occurance) that instantiates that string (in the sense of instantiation represented by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4raGrGuARkEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">cisContainsAIS</a>). word formation constraint MorphologicalRuleConstraint Collection of constraints relevant during word formation and word analysis. Example: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rThBuoxNmEdafLwCw0HTBHw" class="cyc_term">MorphemeCategorialConstraintFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8GY6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalSuffix</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvuaRw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeAdjectivalSuffix</a>) is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rTg-rUxNmEdafLwCw0HTBHw" class="cyc_term">MorphologicalRuleConstraint</a> that the element of a word which is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8GY6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalSuffix</a> must be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvuaRw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeAdjectivalSuffix</a>. POSForm pos form Frames used for words that take exactly one (not necessarily an NP) complement. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <synsem>] type of transitive subcategorization frame TransitiveFrameType Frames used for verbs that join with particles to form multi-word verbs that take exactly one complement, an NP. Example: 'Fred broke apart the puzzle.' TransitiveParticleNPFrameType transitive particle NP frame type The collection of syntactically well-formed atomic sentences in the CycL language. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTB1DpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLAtomicSentence</a> consists of a CycL constant denoting a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Predicate</a> followed by one or more (closed or open) CycL terms, with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. Thus CycL atomic sentences never contain other sentences as truth-functional components (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqZFUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TruthFunction</a>). Note that "atomic" as used here specifically in connection with _sentences_, has a less strict meaning than it does when applied to terms generally, where it means "not constructible from other terms via CycL syntax" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvh14yJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLAtomicTerm</a>). CycL atomic sentence CycLAtomicSentence WordSense Word Sense --- a particular use of a word. So, for the word `bear' we have at least 2 senses - as in the animal and as in the action of bearing something word sense ItalianWord Italian word The collection of all lexical words in Italian; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a>. Different inflectional forms of a word do not count as different words. Affricative-Consonant affricate Collection of affricatives. Affricatives (or affricates) are made up of two consonants; a stop followed by a fricative. Example: The English letters "ch" represents an affricative. A literary device in which a word or phrase is used to mean something other than the thing it literally denotes, thereby suggesting an analogy between them. metaphor Metaphor PassiveVBarTemplate-NPGap This is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for parsing passive voice VBar-level constituents which contain some NP gap. passive voice v-bar constituent containing some noun phrase gap The collection of ordered lists of synonymous <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WordSense</a>s in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLUnrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WordNetKnowledgeBase</a>. WordNetSynset WordNet synset The collection of all strings of words, in any natural language, which in the context of a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> form paragraphs. NLParagraph paragraph The collection of all transitive frames that take one complement which is an infinitive phrase. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvzlspZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PredicativeFrame</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQjy7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransitiveFrameType</a>. The concept <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6fJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransitiveInfinitivePhraseFrameType</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. generic transitive infinitive complement frame TransitiveInfinitivePhraseFrameType The collection of all syntactic nodes of parse trees. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a>. syntactic node SyntacticNode pleonastic infinitive phrase frame type PleonasticInfinitivePhraseFrameType Frames used for transitive words (usually verbs or adjectives) that take exactly one complement--an infinitive phrase--in a pleonastic construction. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <CP[infinitive]>]. Examples: 'It is disappointing to not get a raise', 'It stinks to get fired'. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r6zjY2LPPQdeJLJFh5bkn_A" class="cyc_term">SyntacticChoiceNode</a> is a syntactic node with more than one possible interpretation, represented as its daughters, specifically as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r9RX-c7h2EdedEAACs6hcjQ" class="cyc_term">optionNodes</a>. SyntacticChoiceNode syntactic choice node The collection of all rules describing the combination of bases and suffixes into morphologically complex words with a different meaning or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> from the base. SuffixRule-Derivational derivational suffix rule program function A specialization of #$ProgramStep. This is the collections of all named subroutines that can be used in computer programs. This includes operators, functions, methods, procedures, and macros. ProgramFunction Frames used for verbs that take an NP complement followed by a PP complement having a gerund object. Example 'Fred prevented Sally from leaving'. DitransitiveNP-PPGerundObjectFrameType ditransitive NP PP gerund object frame type <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rCBoqJK2VQdeQMIwLpUebOg" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguageParseTree</a> is the collection of all parse trees that are constructed for natural language analysis and processing, regardless of theory assumed, method employed or implementation. NaturalLanguageParseTree natural language parse tree active voice v-bar constituent containing some noun phrase gap ActiveVBarTemplate-NPGap This is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for parsing active voice VBar-level constituents which contain some NP gap. frame for prepositions Subcategorization frames which make sense for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Preposition</a>s. FrameForPrepositions The collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViWlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubLList</a> that are well-formed and well-typed attribute-value-matrices according to the type hierarchy (see #$GrammarHierarchySort). PATR-Specification patr specification CycArgument The collection of all individual arguments (sets of supports) which justify individual assertions in the Cyc knowledge base. Currently, a support for an assertion can be either another Cyc assertion, or a proposition or symbol produced by one of Cyc's HL (Heuristic Level) modules. (The latter are, in effect, `virtual' assertions). Cyc argument The subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkKC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacter</a> whose instances are auxiliary writing symbols, including punctuation symbols, diacritic symbols, etc. Instances are abstract linguistic objects. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVioRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxiliaryWritingMark</a> for the collection of concrete written and printed tokens of these symbols (i.e. marks on paper and the like). auxiliary writing symbol AuxiliaryWritingSymbol FrameForPronouns frame for pronouns The class of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP31PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubcategorizationFrame</a>s which apply to pronouns, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvxvqLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubjectivePronounFrame</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvd-015wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectivePronounFrame</a> ImperativeTemplate This template category covers English imperative phrases. imperative template The collection of parsing template categories designed to enable a user to reference constants by name, e.g., "# $ doneBy." cyc constant template CycConstantTemplate FrameForVerbs The class of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP31PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubcategorizationFrame</a>s which make sense for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>s. subcategorization frame for verbs sonorant Sonorant-Consonant Collection of sonorant consonants. Sonorants are voiced sounds characterised by relatively free air flow through the vocal tract. Example: The English letter "m" represents a sonorant consonant. date template DateTemplate phonological word form NLWord-Phonological The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQGTzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a>s that represent the phonology of a natural language word. Every instantiation of a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOiqtZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLWord_Phonological</a> will be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpJFiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLWord_IBT</a>, and will share the same phonology, but may differ somewhat in spelling, due to the arbitrariness of spelling conventions and the possibility that the writer may be ignorant of or may choose not to follow such conventions, or in pronunciation, due to factors such as an individual's accent or the phonological environment in which the word is pronounced. Phoneme phoneme The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIWLPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Phoneme</a>s. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound which affects the meaning of a word. Different languages have different phonemes but there are general classes of phonemes which are used to categorise phonemes across languages. See the specs of this collection for those classes. Example: "ie" represents an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EnglishLanguage</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPkCJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Diphthong_Vowel</a>, which is a kind of phoneme. WordNetVerbSynset The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLUnrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WordNetKnowledgeBase</a> synonmym sets whose speech part is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>. WordNet verb synset LexicalSuffix The set of lexical items which may attach to the end of a word. Example: 'less', as in 'fearless'. suffix WhenClauseFrameType Frames used for when-clauses. Example: 'when to leave'. when clause frame type ParticleFrameType particle frame type Frames used for verbs that join with particles to form multi-word verbs. Example: 'Fred broke apart the puzzle.', 'Take off your coat, please.' A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQGTzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQ-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObject</a>. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ruRNaknbvQdmX2KMBoPBZGQ" class="cyc_term">LinkParserLinkage</a> is the output of the Link Parser for a particular natural language sentence or a part of it. There can be more than one instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ruRNaknbvQdmX2KMBoPBZGQ" class="cyc_term">LinkParserLinkage</a> for the same sentence. It is a combination of relationships (represented by links) between words of the sentence. LinkParserLinkage link parser linkage string template This is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for what is represented in Cyc as a string. StringTemplate A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVqqRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLSyntacticPredicate</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqoP4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPartPredicate</a> are used to state the forms which words can take. The first argument of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqoP4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPartPredicate</a> must be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EnglishWord</a>, and the second must be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWdXuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">singular</a> #$Dog-TheWord "dog") means that the singular (noun) form of #$Dog-TheWord is "dog". SpeechPartPredicate Cyc-NL part-of-speech predicate The collection of parsing template categories that map to natural language sentences. In general these will map to a GAF containing a predicate and its arguments. STemplate S template STemplate-NPGap sentential constituent containing some noun phrase gap This is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for parsing sentential constituents which contain some NP gap. base word form The collection of all base morphemes; forms with which combining forms combine. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rUOJF0OoqEdyAAAAOpmP6eA" class="cyc_term">baseForm</a> for the string which represents the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvnu2t5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BaseWordForm</a> of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a>. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvnu2t5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BaseWordForm</a>s: #$Happy-TheWord (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvnu2t5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BaseWordForm</a> in #$Happiness-TheWord), #$Jeal-TheStem (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvnu2t5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BaseWordForm</a> in #$Jealous-TheWord). BaseWordForm punctuation symbol PunctuationSymbol The collection of all abstract punctuation symbols, such as the comma, the period, etc. Instances are abstract, mental, linguistic objects, not marks on paper or the like. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PunctuationMark</a> for the collection of concrete manifestations of these symbols. syntactic word formation constraint Collection of categorial constraints relevant during word formation and word analysis. Example -- (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rThBuoxNmEdafLwCw0HTBHw" class="cyc_term">MorphemeCategorialConstraintFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8GY6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalSuffix</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvuaRw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeAdjectivalSuffix</a>) is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rTg_SYBNmEdafLwCw0HTBHw" class="cyc_term">MorphologicalRuleConstraint_Categorial</a> that the part of a word which is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8GY6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalSuffix</a> be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvuaRw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeAdjectivalSuffix</a>. MorphologicalRuleConstraint-Categorial VBarTemplate V bar template The general <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for v-bars. WordNet word WordNetEnglishWord The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EnglishWord</a>s in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLUnrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WordNetKnowledgeBase</a>. RegularExpressionGrammar regular expression grammar The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYMjI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringGrammar</a>s that specify sets of 'grammatically valid' strings by defining the acceptable strings by means of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwSsRRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RegularExpression</a>s. Often a candidate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> is tested against a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwSsRRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RegularExpression</a> with a computer program that uses a state-change or transition network to help recognize the string as having acceptable substructures. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rve4Bh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RegularExpressionGrammar</a>s are often used in script languages like <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJYhSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Perl_ProgrammingLanguage</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDgAdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContextFreeGrammar</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAhgWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContextSensitiveGrammar</a>. percent template PercentTemplate The collection of parsing template categories that map to numeric percentages. The CycL returned by a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNo0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PercentTemplate</a> takes the form (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViSq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Percent</a> ?NUM) where ?NUM is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeNumber</a>. postpositive frame Frames for adjectives that can be used postpositively, like 'useful' in 'Please bring me something useful'. PostpositiveFrame generic post-verb phrase modifying frame GenericPost-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame The collection of all frames for adverbs which modify verb phrase by right-attaching them. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdRatJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GenericVerbPhraseModifyingFrame</a>. The concept <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJQi25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GenericPost_VerbPhraseModifyingFrame</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. The collection of all words that are members of closed lexical classes such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Preposition</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s, etc. ClosedClassWord closed-class word The particular use of a word in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLUnrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WordNetKnowledgeBase</a>. So, for the word `bear' there are two noun senses - as in the animal and as in the pessimistic investor WordNetWordSense WordNet word sense Frames used for verbs that join with particles to form multi-word verbs that take no complements. Example: 'Sally came back.' IntransitiveParticleFrameType intransitive particle frame type The collection of transitive frames that take an NP as their complement. TransitiveNPFrameType generic transitive NP complement frame WellKnownBinaryString well known binary string A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rsQoiLvlvEdmAAAACs6hO_g" class="cyc_term">WellKnownBinaryString</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IDString</a> which represents an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rOWqq-teGEdmAAAAH6Q2cKw" class="cyc_term">OpenGISGeometry</a> in binary form, encoded in hexadecimal. The collection of all rules describing the combination of bases and affixes into morphologically complex words with a different meaning or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> from the base. derivational affix rule AffixRule-Derivational The collection of all frames that take two complements, one of which is an NP and the other an infinitive phrase. DitransitiveInfinitivePhraseFrameType generic ditransitive infinitive comp frame sink template Template category for things that should be ignored (it's used as a sink--things fall in, but they never get back out). When using this category, the variable that is assigned to it should not be used in the output of the rule. SinkTemplate ELInferenceBinding Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rzjF0PnyAEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">ELInferenceBinding</a> represents a CycL binding pair of variable and value which can be substituted for that variable in a CycL formula. Such binding pairs are constructed for representation in the Cyc KB by using the function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgJuWGHyBEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">ELInferenceBindingFn</a>. CycL inference binding GenericAdverbPhraseModifyingFrame generic adverb phrase modifying frame The collection of all frames that modify adverb phrases. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rviLwJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FrameForAdverbs</a>. The concept <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvyUoqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GenericAdverbPhraseModifyingFrame</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. ListTemplate The collection of parsing template categories that map to numbers. list template subcategorization frame The collection of subcategorization frames found in natural languages. SubcategorizationFrame The collection of all sentences of any (natural or artificial) language. This excludes "open" formulae of formal languages: expressions that are like sentences except for containing one or more unbound (or "free") variables. sentence Sentence intransitive frame The collection of all frames for words that can be used intransitively, that is, without any complements at all. IntransitiveFrameType Frames used for verbs that take a PP complement followed by an NP complement. Example: 'Fred gave to Sally a big kiss.' ditransitive PP NP frame type DitransitivePP-NPFrameType syntactic phrase structure constraint PhraseStructureConstraint-Syntactic sentential constituent that are part of a relative clause This is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for parsing sentential constituents which are part of a relative clause. STemplate-RC general proper name predicate ProperNamePredicate-General Elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLztypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNamePredicate_General</a> are all the lexical predicates that can be used to register the information that a certain STRING is (one of the) name(s) of a certain FORT. This includes members of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvs_C9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNamePredicate_Strict</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXygrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNamePredicate_Loose</a>. VP template VPTemplate FrameForNouns subcategorization frame for nouns The class of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP31PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubcategorizationFrame</a>s which make sense for nouns. SourceCodePackage source code package The collection of source code objects used to modularize computer programs written in certain languages (for example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQfjYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaProgrammingLanguage</a>). Packages may have their own namespaces for their internal symbols. Most often a package has a theme or purpose that is shared by all the functions and/or objects contained within it. RTPTensedVBarTemplate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJvOEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RTPTensedVBarTemplate</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> which, along with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjoZZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RTPUntensedVBarTemplate</a>, can be used for writing "tense specific" templates for parsing active voice V-Bar constituents. In providing coverage for a given construction, it is necessary to assert two different templates of this category: one in which the head verb is specified to have <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCJKv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">presentTense_Generic</a> form, and another in which it is specified to have a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV2Ot5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">pastTense_Universal</a> form.(with Cycl translations that differ accordingly). For more details on how templates for parsing V-Bar constituents should be represented, see the comments on <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjoZZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RTPUntensedVBarTemplate</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOja85wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RTPActiveVBarTemplate</a> and the #$SharedNoteOnRTPVBarTemplates. RTP tensed V bar template Monophthong-Vowel monophthong Collection of monophthongs. Monophthongs are vowels where there is a constant sound during pronunciation; the tongue and mouth do not change position. Example: The English letter "a" represents a monophthong. PredicativeFrame predicative frame Frames for adjectives that can be used predicatively, like 'happy' in 'Chris is happy'. TransitivePPFrameType transitive PP complement frame Frames used for verbs, adjectives and nouns that have a single PP complement. Examples include 'depend on X', 'mad at X', 'picture of X'. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0xsZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanGivenName</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2-fzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanMaleGivenName</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2-fzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanMaleGivenName</a> is a name typically given to males, as opposed to females. HumanMaleGivenName human male given name The class of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP31PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubcategorizationFrame</a>s which make sense for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s. adjectival frame FrameForAdjectives This is the collection of all identifiers that can be found in computer programs. Included are variables, named constants, function names, macro names. computer program identifier ProgramIdentifier The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>s (conceptual works) that specify sets of 'grammatically valid' structures by substitution of multiple <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQ02BJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SyntaxSpecificationSymbol</a>s for a single one, without regard to the specifics of the surrounding parts of the relevant structure (the 'context' of the symbol). Most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDgAdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContextFreeGrammar</a>s are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYMjI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringGrammar</a>s, but there are also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZr-_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GraphGrammar</a>s and other kinds. Often a candidate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> is tested against a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDgAdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContextFreeGrammar</a> with a computer program that uses a push-down stack to help parse the string into nested constituent substructures. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDgAdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContextFreeGrammar</a>s are often used to specify #$ComputerLanguages, and they have been used to describe some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>s. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAhgWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContextSensitiveGrammar</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rve4Bh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RegularExpressionGrammar</a>. ContextFreeGrammar context-free grammar noun compound rule element NounCompoundRuleElement quantity template QuantityTemplate The collection of parsing template categories that map to quantities, e.g., "thousands," "lots," "plenty," etc. To write templates that map to actual numbers, use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPh-6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NumberTemplate</a>. The collection of all "chunks" of computer code which have independent meaning to a programmer cognizant of the language in which they are written. ProgramSyntaxObject program syntax object A word constituent is a possible part of a natural language word. Examples: Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8GY6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalSuffix</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvnu2t5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BaseWordForm</a> and so on. WordConstituent word constituent This frame is used for words that take a clausal complement, possibly in addition to other complements. clausal complement frame ClausalFrameType source code The collection of all computer source code written in any computer language. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIZO5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerCode</a>. The concept <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rva7pXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerCode_Source</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4relcZNqYuEdaAAACgycbRww" class="cyc_term">ComputerCodeTypeByExecutability</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a>. ComputerCode-Source This template category covers a limited number of hard-to-characterize English words and phrases, such as "Yes", "No", and "That is correct". See template assertions for more examples. response template ResponseTemplate CycTokenization cyc tokenization term phrases constraint predicate TermPhrasesConstraintPredicate A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVqqRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NLSyntacticPredicate</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rop5KrGieQdiG3dF3UqrRdQ" class="cyc_term">TermPhrasesConstraintPredicate</a> are used to relate a string to either a constant or a word unit. In other words, they describe how a string is used in natural language (e.g. to denote some specific concept, as a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP336JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">nameString</a> does, or to relate a string to a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a>). The second argument of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rop5KrGieQdiG3dF3UqrRdQ" class="cyc_term">TermPhrasesConstraintPredicate</a> must be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWdXuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">singular</a> #$Dog-TheWord "dog") means that the singular (noun) form of #$Dog-TheWord is "dog" and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpoQO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">preferredNameString</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv6V-fpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Madonna</a> "Madonna") means that the string "Madonna" refers to the performer <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv6V-fpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Madonna</a>. prepositional phrase complement frame The collection of all frames for words that take a prepositional phrases complement. The two major specs of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhJf5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PPCompFrame</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvbepw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransitivePPFrameType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvke82JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DitransitivePPFrameType</a>, but there are others as well. PPCompFrame This frame is used for adverbs which can modify a noun phrase. Examples: `then' as in `the president then' and `even' as in `even the president'. noun phrase modifying frame NounPhraseModifyingFrame MovieTitleTemplate movie title template A collection of frames which require their subject to be an expletive 'it', as in 'it seems that John went to the party', 'it is bad that nobody came', 'it is bad for John that Mary left'. PleonasticFrameType pleonastic frame This is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> which should be used to specify templates for parsing passive voice V-Bar constituents via the RTP. In general, the head verb (usually the first term in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvz9gbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemplateParsingSyntacticConstraint</a>) for a template assertion on this category should be specified as having a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwNFiUpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">passiveParticiple</a> form. For details on how templates for active voice VBar constituents should be represented, see the comment on <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOja85wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RTPActiveVBarTemplate</a>; for other information on V-Bar parsing, see the #$SharedNoteOnRTPVBarTemplates and #$SharedNoteOnVBarParsingTemplateCategories. RTPPassiveVBarTemplate RTP passive V bar template The collection of syntax objects which are elements of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNRw7kCvGEdadNQACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">UnifiedModelingLanguage</a> (UML). UMLSyntaxObject UML syntax object DutchWord The collection of all lexical words in Dutch; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a>. Different inflectional forms of a word do not count as different words. Dutch word WordNet verb frame This is the collection of verb frames used in WordNet. WordNetVerbFrameType lexical structure schema LexicalStructureSchema All HPSG lexical rules are reified as concepts, and represented as instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwVWYzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalStructureSchema</a>. The collection of parsing template categories that map to ordinal numbers. The CycL returned by an OrdinalTemplate is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>. ordinal template OrdinalTemplate The collection of linguistic objects which are not morphemes, but which nonetheless make up part of a language system; e.g., the parts of speech. nonlexical linguistic object NonlexicalLinguisticObject Collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvfs4HJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Vowel</a>s. Vowel are those sounds produced when nothing in the vocal tract is obstructing the airflow. Example: The English letter "a" represents a vowel. vowel Vowel PassiveVoiceOnlyFrameType passive voice only frame type Frames used for verbs having a passive voice construction with no active voice alternation. FrameForAdverbs The class of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP31PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubcategorizationFrame</a>s which make sense for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s. subcategorization frame for adverbs phrase The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SententialConstituent</a>s whose <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwITvSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">barLevelOfPhrase</a> is 2, i.e., an X-double-bar or X''. This includes noun phrases like "the dog", verb phrases like "chewed the bone", clauses like "Socrates was a philosopher" etc. NLPhrase This is the collection of all program steps that instantiate a value in some sense. For example, calling a function that returns a value can be considered an expression, since the value returned can "stand in" for the expression in the surrounding context of the program. ProgramExpression program expression phrase structure constraint PhraseStructureConstraint progressive VP template This is a ParsingTemplateCategory for VPs in which the head has a progressive form. In general, these are strings which can serve as the complement to the auxillary (progressive) BE. ProgressiveVPTemplate The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>s (conceptual works) that specify sets of 'grammatically valid' <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s. Most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>s are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYMjI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringGrammar</a>s, but there are also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZr-_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GraphGrammar</a>s and other kinds. Often a candidate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> is tested against a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYMjI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringGrammar</a> with a computer program that parses the string into its constituent substructures. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYMjI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringGrammar</a>s have been used to specify #$ComputerLanguages and to describe <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>s. string grammar StringGrammar tail recursive program function TailRecursiveProgramFunction The collection of parsing template categories used to parse N-Bars, versus genuine Noun Phrases. NBarTemplate n bar template noun compound rule constraint NounCompoundRuleConstraint The collection of all phrase structure rules, which are rules describing the compositional combination of words into phrases. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwHvKtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticRule</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXp0oZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhraseStructureRule</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a>. phrase structure rule PhraseStructureRule The class of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP31PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubcategorizationFrame</a>s which make sense for clauses, e.g. 'that-clause', 'wh-clause', and so on. FrameForClauses subcategorization frame for clauses formal grammar The collection of all formal grammars, each being a conceptual work containing a formal specification of the set of grammatically valid relational structures (often <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s) allowed by the formal specification. The grammar is formal in that there is, in theory at least, a precise test (whether or not it is decidable or feasible) for compliance of a given structure with the specification. Most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>s are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYMjI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringGrammar</a>s, but there are also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZr-_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GraphGrammar</a>s and other kinds. Often a candidate structure is tested against a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a> with a computer program that parses the candidate into its constituent substructures. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>s have been used to specify #$ComputerLanguages and to describe <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>s. FormalGrammar-CW PhraseStructureConstraint-Semantic semantic phrase structure constraint ditransitive prepositional phrase complement frame DitransitivePPFrameType Frames used for verbs that take an NP complement followed by a PP complement. Examples include 'make X out of Y', etc. PassiveVBarTemplate passive v bar template Template for passive VPs (e.g. everything after the 'be' in a passive sentence). lexical node LexicalNode is the collection of all syntactic nodes that model the mapping from a token set to a semantic, either denotational or propositional, ground or templated. LexicalNode InfinitivalVBarTemplate infinitival v bar template The collection of parsing template categories that map to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_9w1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScenarioInstance</a>s. scenario template ScenarioTemplate Frames used for verbs that join with particles to form multi-word verbs that take exactly two complements, an NP and a PP. Example: 'Fred made up stories about Sally.' DitransitiveParticleNP-PPFrameType ditransitive particle NP PP frame type WHClauseFrameType Frames used for wh-clauses. Example: 'whether they were staying', 'what he wanted for lunch', 'why he missed class', and so on. WH clause frame type verb phrase modifying frame GenericVerbPhraseModifyingFrame The collection of all frames that modify verb phrases. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvit9T5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FrameForPrepositions</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rviLwJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FrameForAdverbs</a>. The concept <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdRatJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GenericVerbPhraseModifyingFrame</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. The collection of individual word forms, such as proper nouns (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMCe_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNoun</a>, qv) and intransitive verbs that occur as phrases. PhrasalWordForm phrasal word form ProperNamePredicate-Strict Elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvs_C9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNamePredicate_Strict</a> are all the lexical predicates that can be used to register the information that a certain STRING is (one of the) name(s) of a certain FORT. This only includes predicates that are used for permanent and thorough lexification. Assertions using predicates that are members of this collection contain all the grammatical information that is necessary to deal with issues such as pluralization. Compare to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXygrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNamePredicate_Loose</a>. strict proper name predicate PP temporal template The collection of parsing template categories that map to temporal prepositional phrases. PPTemporalTemplate Stop-Consonant Collection of stops. Stops (or plosives) are consonants where the velum, a valve in your air pipe, is closed before air is suddenly let through. Example: The English letter "p" represents a stop. plosive TemporalModifierTemplate temporal modifier template This template category covers all syntactic questions. QuestionTemplate question template This is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for parsing VP-level constituents which contain some NP gap. VPTemplate-NPGap VP-level constituent containing some noun phrase gap ProgressiveVBarTemplate progressive V-bar template The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for phrases headed by a gerund, participial, present progressive verb, or any form specified by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWexcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">gerund</a>. title Title The collection of all titles: proper nouns (noun phrases) that relate to a person's status and/or function/role in an organization. E.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViU2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SeniorVicePresident_Title</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViLhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MemberOfTechnicalStaff_Title</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVlDG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reverend_Title</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWdFSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Father_Title</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Miss</a>, etc. Note that this concept is not (closely) related to the title of a book or work of art, nor to the nicknames for a place, etc. TransitiveThatClauseFrameType transitive that-clause complement frame The collection of all transitive frames that take either a finite that-clause complement or a simple (that-less and wh-less) finite clause complement. CourtesyTitle courtesy title The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVis3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Title</a>s, such as Mr., Ms., Mrs., Miss, Dr., etc., which precede names in Anglo-American addressing custom. NLTemplateExpression NL template expression The collection of expressions which are valid CycL sentences except that they may contain, instead of CycL variables, keywords referring to elements in syntactic constructions (such as :SUBJECT). Keywords are preceded by a colon, and EL variables are preceded by a question mark. sub atomic particle template SubAtomicParticleTemplate This template category covers all the expressions that map to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjbdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubAtomicParticle</a>s. This allows us to refine templates that would otherwise be stuck using (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8GLKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NPTemplate</a> :ARGX) and therefore firing on all sorts of undesirable input. RTP active V bar template RTPActiveVBarTemplate This is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> which should normally be used to specify templates for parsing active voice V-Bar constituents via the RTP. Please note that template assertions on this category should be non-specific wrt. the tense of the main verb.For details on how "tense specific" templates may be represented for active voice V-Bar constituents, see the comments on <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJvOEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RTPTensedVBarTemplate</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjoZZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RTPUntensedVBarTemplate</a>, and the #$SharedNoteOnRTPVBarTemplates; for details on templates for passive voice V-Bar constituents, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0J685wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RTPPassiveVBarTemplate</a>. Collection of fricatives. Fricatives (or spriants) are consonants where the velum, a valve in your air pipe, is not closed, but there is friction when the sound is spoken. Example: The English letter "f" represents a fricative. Fricative-Consonant fricative penn pos tag PennPosTag The collection of part of speech tags developed for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EnglishLanguage</a> by the UniversityOfPennsylvania. Each part of speech tag is roughly akin to conventional parts of speech, but more detailed in that it incorporates morphological distinctions like different degrees of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWdXuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">singular</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVpoU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">plural</a> form of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s, and different inflections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>s. A scheme different from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjnjqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PennPosTag</a>s is used to organize the lexicon in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a>, but since many tagged corpora use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjnjqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PennPosTag</a>s, the quantitive information contained in those corpora can be used for more efficient parsing. SimpleRecursiveProgramFunction simple recursive program function PPByTemplate pp by template PP with the word "by" in which the semantics of the preposition are ignored. This is commonly used for by-phrases in passives. DiacriticSymbol The collection of all abstract diacritic symbols, such as the umlaut and the hacek. Instances are abstract, mental, linguistic objects, not marks on paper or the like. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIcAOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DiacriticMark</a> for the collection of concrete manifestations of these symbols. diacritic symbol generic determiner modifying frame GenericDeterminerModifyingFrame The collection of all frames that modify determiners. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rviLwJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FrameForAdverbs</a>. The concept <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv61uTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GenericDeterminerModifyingFrame</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. InfinitivalVPTemplate This is a ParsingTemplateCategory for VPs in which the head has a infinitival form. In general, these are strings which can serve as the complement to a modal auxillary verb (e.g. CAN, WILL). infinitival VP template military title MilitaryTitle Titles that indicate military rank. Collection of diphthongs. Diphthongs are vowels where the sound changes during pronunciation; the tongue changes position or the mouth is opened or closed. Example: The English letters "ou" represent a diphthong. diphthong Diphthong-Vowel AdjPTemplate-Predicative adj p template predicative The collection of parsing template categories that map to predicative adjectival phrases (i.e. those that can be used in a sentence of the form "X is Adj-Pred.", like "Bill Clinton is happy."). This category has special code support within the template parser to prevent gerunds from matching this category. possessive template PossessiveTemplate phrase structure binding The collection of specifications of mappings from semantic slots in the semantic template of the semantic head of a phrase to the semantics of its dependents. PhraseStructureBinding active voice only frame type Frames used for verbs having an active voice construction that cannot be passivized. ActiveVoiceOnlyFrameType program identifier namespace This is the collection of all program identifier namespaces. ProgramIdentifierNamespace RTPUntensedVBarTemplate RTP untensed V bar template This is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for VBar constituents which are i) expected to be parsed by the RTP, and ii) untensed but still in the active voice. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for parsing verb phrases in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCJKv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">presentTense_Generic</a>. present tense v bar template PresentTenseVBarTemplate PassivizableFrame The collection of all frames which can be used in the passive voice, i.e. where an object of the active voice use of this frame 'becomes' the syntactic (though not semantic) subject in the passive voice, and the subject of the active voice use of the frame can optionally become a 'by'-PP syntactic (though not semantic) object. Examples are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2EhHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransitiveNPFrameType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCBk9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DitransitiveNP_GenericFrameType</a> and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvke82JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DitransitivePPFrameType</a>s:. 'John likes Mary' -> 'Mary is liked (by John)', 'John gives Mary a book' -> 'Mary is given a book (by John)', 'John gives a book to Mary' -> 'A book is given to Mary (by John)' passivizable frame StringIndexingSlot string indexing slot The collection of parsing template categories that map to adjectival phrases. AdjPTemplate adj p template lexical item LexicalItem A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQ-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObject</a> (q.v.). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhkD7pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalItem</a> is the collection of linguistic objects that are part of the lexicon of some natural language or other. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhkD7pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalItem</a> include words as well as constituents of words, such as affixes (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rTg-rURNmEdafLwCw0HTBHw" class="cyc_term">WordConstituent</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8Wmd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalAffix</a>). ELSetOfInferenceBindingSets Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4raTS9fnyBEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">ELSetOfInferenceBindingSets</a> is a set of answers to a CycL Query. Because each answer will include bindings for each free variable in the query formula, the elements of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4raTS9fnyBEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">ELSetOfInferenceBindingSets</a> will each be instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rSD5hpnyBEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">ELInferenceBindingSet</a>. set of answers to a CycL query CycParsingToken cyc parsing token WordNet noun synset WordNetNounSynset The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLUnrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WordNetKnowledgeBase</a> synonmym sets whose speech part is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>. PerfectiveVPTemplate perfective VP template This is a ParsingTemplateCategory for VPs in which the head has a perfective form. In general, these are strings which can serve as the complement to the auxillary (perfective) HAVE. CycLSentence CycL sentence The collection of syntactically well-formed sentences of the CycL language. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLSentence</a> consists of a CycL expression denoting an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqZFUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TruthFunction</a> (e.g. an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Predicate</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2jAEFlOEdaAAAACs2S-ew" class="cyc_term">SententialRelation</a>) followed by one or more CycL terms (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQf_-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLTerm</a>), with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>) and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> ?FOO <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>) are both CycL sentences. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLSentence</a>s need not obey arity constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a>) or other semantic constraints (such as argument type constraints; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV3kTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>). Thus, for example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> ?FOO <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQruH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EiffelTower</a>) is a CycL sentence. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLSentence</a>s are also called "logical formulas", and are to be distinguished from "denotational formulas" (which are also known as "NAT"s; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvx-VHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLNonAtomicTerm</a>s). Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the notion of "sentence" standardly used in formal logic, where a sentence is defined as a closed well-formed formula: CycL sentences may be open (i.e. they may contain free variables; see the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgC_bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLOpenSentence</a>). transitive copula frame type TransitiveCopulaFrameType Frames used for copulas that take exactly one complement. Example: 'Fred is hungry', 'Sally appears happy' The collection of parsing template categories that map to adverbial phrases. AdvPTemplate adv p template location template The template parsing category for locations. Example: Austin, Texas. LocationTemplate affix LexicalAffix A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rTg-rURNmEdafLwCw0HTBHw" class="cyc_term">WordConstituent</a> (q.v.). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8Wmd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalAffix</a> is the collection of all natural language affixes. A lexical affix is a "bound" morpheme: it cannot appear in a phrase without being "bound to" (i.e. concatenated with) another lexical item. (Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a>.) For further details, see the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8Wmd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalAffix</a>. The collection of parsing template categories that map to numbers. CardinalOrOrdinalTemplate cardinal or ordinal template pp for template PPForTemplate ratio template The collection of parsing template categories that map to ratios. RatioTemplate PastTenseVBarTemplate past tense v bar template The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for parsing verb phrases in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV2Ot5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">pastTense_Universal</a>. WellKnownTextString WKT string <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rjNh0ZuQjEdmAAAACs6hO_g" class="cyc_term">WellKnownTextString</a> is the collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s which are valid language constructs in the Well Known Text (WKT) representation of a geometry, as defined in section 3.2.5 of the OpenGIS Simple Features Specification for SQL. Positive examples of grammatically valid WKT strings include: 'POINT (1 4)' and 'LINESTRING (10 3, 4 20, 30 40)'. HumanGivenName A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwB7x55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Name</a>. Each instance of this collection is a name that is given to human beings as a 'first name' (e.g. #$Lionel-TheName, #$Winifred-TheName). It is thus to be contrasted with (though of course not disjoint with) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2Wq-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanSurname</a>. For a representation of the actual string of letters which makes up any given given name, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjoEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanGivenNameString</a> (and for relating the two, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGMKe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">nameSpelling</a>). given name PerfectiveVBarTemplate perfective V bar template The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMR9W5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParsingTemplateCategory</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWL_QJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">perfect</a> v-bars. CycLFormulaicSentence A subcollection of syntactically well-formed sentences of the CycL language. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rbdLgk7AnEdmTswACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">CycLFormulaicSentence</a> consists of a CycL expression denoting an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqZFUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TruthFunction</a> (e.g., an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Predicate</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2jAEFlOEdaAAAACs2S-ew" class="cyc_term">SententialRelation</a>) followed by one or more CycL terms (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQf_-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLTerm</a>), with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>) and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> ?FOO <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>) are both formulaic CycL sentences. The only two CycL sentences that are not formulaic are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">True</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">False</a>. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rbdLgk7AnEdmTswACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">CycLFormulaicSentence</a>s need not obey arity constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a>) or other semantic constraints (such as argument type constraints ; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV3kTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rbdLgk7AnEdmTswACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">CycLFormulaicSentence</a>s are also called "logical formulas", and are to be distinguished from "denotational formulas" (which are also known as "NAT"s; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvx-VHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLNonAtomicTerm</a>s). Note that this notion of a formulaic CycL sentence is broader than the notion of "sentence" standardly used in formal logic, where a sentence is defined as a _closed_ well-formed formula: formulaic CycL sentences may be _open_ (i.e., contain free variables; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgC_bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLOpenSentence</a>). cyc L formulaic sentence A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7Udi_ss6EdqAAAACs6hO_g" class="cyc_term">USBGNPlaceName</a>s are complex lexical objects which describe a particular name assignment and spelling for a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rq1nU_oEgQdmLwqEN7EWrNw" class="cyc_term">GeographicalPlace</a>. They are determined and regulated by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r6iYumMs6EdqAAAACs6hO_g" class="cyc_term">USBoardOnGeographicNames</a>. USBGNPlaceName USBGN place name A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwB7x55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Name</a>. Each instance of this collection is a name that is given to human beings as a 'family name'. It is thus to be contrasted with (though of course not disjoint with) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0xsZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanGivenName</a>. For a representation of the actual string of letters which makes up any given surname, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjq0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanFamilyNameString</a> (and for relating the two, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGMKe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">nameSpelling</a>). See also the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjGuZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">lastName</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwN11_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">familyName</a>. LastName HumanSurname Collection of all verb classes. Every verb sense belongs to a verb class and inherits from its verb class general semantic and syntactic rules. When creating a new verb or verb sense, place it in its verb class or classes using <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwR0TaZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">hasVerbAsMember</a>, e.g. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwR0TaZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">hasVerbAsMember</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvzmS6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Give_VerbClass</a> #$Give-TheWord 0). VerbClass verb class context-sensitive grammar The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>s (conceptual works) that specify sets of 'grammatically valid' structures by substitution of multiple <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQ02BJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SyntaxSpecificationSymbol</a>s for a single or multiple ones possibly restricted to those that are surrounded by certain kinds of parts of the relevant structure (the 'context' of the symbol). Most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAhgWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContextSensitiveGrammar</a>s are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYMjI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StringGrammar</a>s, but there are also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZr-_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GraphGrammar</a>s and other kinds, often with special substitution and attachment-frontier conditions. Often a candidate structure is tested against a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAhgWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContextSensitiveGrammar</a> with a computer program that uses a general algorithm (like a general Turing Machine) to help parse the string into nested constituent substructures. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAhgWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContextSensitiveGrammar</a>s are often used to specify #$ComputerLanguages, and they have been used to describe some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjzepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>s. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwDgAdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContextFreeGrammar</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rve4Bh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RegularExpressionGrammar</a>. ContextSensitiveGrammar parsing template category ParsingTemplateCategory The collection of parsing template categories. Basically, the collection of jr., III, esq., Ph.D., Ed.D., M.A., and other such suffixes to names. HumanNameSuffix name suffix All HPSG sign-creation rules, whether of words or phrases, are reified as concepts, and represented as instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJyO8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SignStructureSchema</a>. sign structure schema SignStructureSchema WordNet adverb synset WordNetAdverbSynset The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLUnrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WordNetKnowledgeBase</a> synonmym sets whose speech part is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>. All morphology rules are reified as Cyc constants, and represented as instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwRRZxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MorphoStructureSchema</a>. morpho structure schema MorphoStructureSchema DitransitiveFrameType ditransitive frame type Frames used for words that take exactly two complements. Example: 'Sally took Fred to the show.' LinguisticRuleElement linguistic rule element linguistic rule constraint LinguisticRuleConstraint A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhkD7pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalItem</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a> is the collection of all natural language words. A lexical word is a "free" morpheme: it can appear in a phrase without being "bound to" (i.e. concatenated with) another lexical item. (Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8Wmd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalAffix</a>.) Note that different inflectional forms of a given word do not constitute distinct lexical words. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LexicalWord</a> include #$Aluminum-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord, #$To-TheWord, #$Hang-Glide-MWW. LexicalWord lexical word Frames used for verbs that have a single ADVP complement. Examples include 'runs quickly', 'eats often', and so on. TransitiveAdverbFrameType transitive adverb frame type inflectional suffix rule The collection of all rules describing the combination of bases and suffixes into morphologically complex words whose meaning and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> are the same as those the base. SuffixRule-Inflectional NPTemplate The collection of parsing template categories that map to individual Cyc terms. NP template PPTemporalDurationTemplate The collection of parsing template categories that map to temporal prepositional phrases of duration. PP temporal duration template phrase structure schema All HPSG phrase structure rules are reified as concepts, and represented as instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0HVOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhraseStructureSchema</a>. PhraseStructureSchema HumanGender-NeutralGivenName human gender neutral given name A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0xsZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanGivenName</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvou2QZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanGender_NeutralGivenName</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a>. Collection of semantic constraints relevant during word formation and word analysis. Example: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rThCVshNmEdafLwCw0HTBHw" class="cyc_term">MorphemeSemanticGenlsConstraintFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvnu2t5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BaseWordForm</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>) is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rTg_SYhNmEdafLwCw0HTBHw" class="cyc_term">MorphologicalRuleConstraint_Semantic</a> that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvnu2t5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BaseWordForm</a> of a word denote a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>. MorphologicalRuleConstraint-Semantic semantic word formation constraint PrefixRule-Derivational derivational prefix rule The collection of all rules describing the combination of bases and prefixes into morphologically complex words with a different meaning or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpeechPart</a> from the base. ProperNamePredicateForNPParser proper name predicate for np parser The collection of all name predicates that are consulted in order to build the lexical trie on which the Noun Phrase parser is presently (September 6, 2000) based The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection ObjectType The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. type of object AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code>COL</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (ANECT) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code>COL</code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code> essentially (i.e. <code>INST</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code>COL</code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code>COL</code>. Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers)) This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not necessarily true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential LinguisticObjectType linguistic object type A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQ-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObject</a> (q.v.). Linguistic-Topic linguistic-topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString LinguisticObjectType linguistic object type A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQ-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObject</a> (q.v.).