]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Character-Abstract An abstract character from some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBiZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">characterSetForWritingSystem</a>, which may occur in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>; a letter, numeral, space, punctuation-mark, ideograph, dingbat, hieroglyphic or the like. These may be concatenated to form <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> is not any particular physical, tangible representation of the character, nor a particular encoding of it. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> is taken from a fixed <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBiZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">characterSetForWritingSystem</a>, which depends in part on the language involved. A character is a unit of information and cannot contain other characters. Some characters are printing-characters in text, but others may be line-feeds, beeps, etc. A character can be represented digitally with 32 or fewer bits, usually from 5 to 16 bits. A character may be represented visually by a mark; it may represent one or more phonemes in speech. Some phonemes may be represented by strings of more than one character. By convention, a character may have attributes like Upper Case, Nonprinting, Numeric, etc. abstract character http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_%28computing%29 abstract characters StrikedOutCharacter striked out character An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rVJcsUgkDQdiIEI6-ues54w" class="cyc_term">FontTypeByStyle</a>. Instances are individual instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> that appear as striked-out. The specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> whose instances are characters used as writing symbols in some writing system or other. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkKC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacter</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwA1vh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Letter_Alphabetic</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGUpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Numeral</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkIa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RomanLetter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkHGpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChineseCharacter</a>, and many others. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkKC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacter</a> include the Roman letter 'a', the Arabic numeral '1', and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP3qSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PercentSign_TheSymbol</a>. (See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacterSet</a>.) notation WritingSymbolCharacter italicized character ItalicizedCharacter An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rVJcsUgkDQdiIEI6-ues54w" class="cyc_term">FontTypeByStyle</a>. Instances are individual instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> that appear as italicized text. The collection of all Unicode-compatible characters: characters that have a binary encoding in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv6pxRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnicodeStandard</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXSRcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnicodeCompatibleCharacter</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>, rather than a specific physical character as written, printed, or displayed. All <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGPR-pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ASCIICompatibleCharacter</a>s are also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXSRcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnicodeCompatibleCharacter</a>s. unicode compatible character UnicodeCompatibleCharacter bolded character An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rVJcsUgkDQdiIEI6-ues54w" class="cyc_term">FontTypeByStyle</a>. Instances are individual instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> that appear as bolded text. BoldedCharacter teletype character TeletypeCharacter An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rVJcsUgkDQdiIEI6-ues54w" class="cyc_term">FontTypeByStyle</a>. Instances are individual instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> that appear in a teletype, or monospace font. UnderlinedCharacter underlined character An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rVJcsUgkDQdiIEI6-ues54w" class="cyc_term">FontTypeByStyle</a>. Instances are individual instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> that appear as underlined text. The collection of all printed characters. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwT1xG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrintedCharacter</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2GzE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterSet</a>. PrintedCharacter printed character Character-Abstract An abstract character from some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBiZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">characterSetForWritingSystem</a>, which may occur in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>; a letter, numeral, space, punctuation-mark, ideograph, dingbat, hieroglyphic or the like. These may be concatenated to form <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> is not any particular physical, tangible representation of the character, nor a particular encoding of it. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> is taken from a fixed <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBiZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">characterSetForWritingSystem</a>, which depends in part on the language involved. A character is a unit of information and cannot contain other characters. Some characters are printing-characters in text, but others may be line-feeds, beeps, etc. A character can be represented digitally with 32 or fewer bits, usually from 5 to 16 bits. A character may be represented visually by a mark; it may represent one or more phonemes in speech. Some phonemes may be represented by strings of more than one character. By convention, a character may have attributes like Upper Case, Nonprinting, Numeric, etc. abstract character ObjectType The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. type of object candidate KB completeness node CandidateKBCompletenessNode Character-Abstract An abstract character from some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBiZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">characterSetForWritingSystem</a>, which may occur in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>; a letter, numeral, space, punctuation-mark, ideograph, dingbat, hieroglyphic or the like. These may be concatenated to form <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> is not any particular physical, tangible representation of the character, nor a particular encoding of it. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> is taken from a fixed <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBiZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">characterSetForWritingSystem</a>, which depends in part on the language involved. A character is a unit of information and cannot contain other characters. Some characters are printing-characters in text, but others may be line-feeds, beeps, etc. A character can be represented digitally with 32 or fewer bits, usually from 5 to 16 bits. A character may be represented visually by a mark; it may represent one or more phonemes in speech. Some phonemes may be represented by strings of more than one character. By convention, a character may have attributes like Upper Case, Nonprinting, Numeric, etc. abstract character Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString abstract atomic symbol AtomicSymbol-Abstract A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQGTzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all abstract symbols that are not composed of further symbols. By 'abstract symbol' we mean any abstract object whose concrete instantiations have meaning, broadly construed, according to some convention. For example, the Roman letter 'A' is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdgfZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AtomicSymbol_Abstract</a>, whereas concrete instantiations of it (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvoo_OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterToken</a>) are not. The character string 'ABC' is not an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdgfZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AtomicSymbol_Abstract</a>, because it is composed of more than one symbol. An arbitrary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvntUR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractStructure</a> (such as the abstract structure of carbon dioxide) is not <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdgfZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AtomicSymbol_Abstract</a> unless its instantiations have a meaning, according to some convention. Other examples include all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>, punctuation marks, words (but not their corresponding character strings), symbols of diagram types (e.g. the symbols used in schematic diagrams for electrical curcuits), and abstract individual sound structures (see e.g <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIWLPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Phoneme</a>). Character-Abstract An abstract character from some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBiZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">characterSetForWritingSystem</a>, which may occur in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>; a letter, numeral, space, punctuation-mark, ideograph, dingbat, hieroglyphic or the like. These may be concatenated to form <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> is not any particular physical, tangible representation of the character, nor a particular encoding of it. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> is taken from a fixed <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBiZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">characterSetForWritingSystem</a>, which depends in part on the language involved. A character is a unit of information and cannot contain other characters. Some characters are printing-characters in text, but others may be line-feeds, beeps, etc. A character can be represented digitally with 32 or fewer bits, usually from 5 to 16 bits. A character may be represented visually by a mark; it may represent one or more phonemes in speech. Some phonemes may be represented by strings of more than one character. By convention, a character may have attributes like Upper Case, Nonprinting, Numeric, etc. abstract character