]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. generation of an information bearing thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> and of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> is an event which creates some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g. sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (cf. the important specialization of IBTGeneration -- <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a>). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> whether there is another agent who accesses the resulting IBT. Note that every communication act starts with an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. (Thus, see also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> and its specializations, especially <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>.) For an analogous collection regarding instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rTUOK-GaPEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">CWCreation</a>. Two important specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2r5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Original</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6pTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqy9EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>. IBTGeneration has expressed expresses have expressed generation of an IBT IBT generation express had expressed will have expressed generations of an Information Bearing Thing expressed expressing will express generations of an IBT The collection of all events in which representations of one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a> undergo some form of processing to extract some information from representations of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a> and putting that extracted information into some new representational form. The range of possible output representations is not limited to linguistic representations. language processing LanguageProcessing SettingSoftwareParameter The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViLSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramAction</a>s in which the value of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ruPv7XA9cEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SoftwareParameter</a> is set. This normally involves the value being changed, but it includes instances when the value is ``overwritten'' with its old value. setting software parameter Natural language processing, or NLP, is the collection of all programming (e.g., writing a part of speech tagger) and representation (e.g., adding lexical entries to a knowledge base) activities done in the service of enabling a computer to parse or generate natural language. NaturalLanguageProcessing natural language processing work A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r29TQ3IlUEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">CWInstantiating</a> is an event which instantiates some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqy9EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r30SiOIlUEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">cWInstantiated</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYyDjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>. CWInstantiating CW instantiating The oral noises that people in a crowd make, to express their approval. cheering Cheering The collection of all events in which a computer program displays a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rD7Kp8FC8EdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ComputerDisplayLink</a>. This link communicates an available option to the user, and when activated by the user performs some task. For example, when a user activates a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rSUWiCllcEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ComputerDisplayContinueLink</a>, the program continues a temporarily suspended action. DisplayingALink displaying a link IBOCreation creation of an information-bearing object A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpKVWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalCreationEvent</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a> is an event in which an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (hereafter IBO) is created. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a> include publishing a book, making a film, printing a photograph, molding a plastic credit card, painting a billboard, and minting a coin. When an IBO is created, its content may be either original, be copied from a prior <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, or be instantiated from an existing <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWLaoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">iboCreated</a>. using A language UsingALanguage An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViGFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAf-e_IyiQdiXUeUlmj7bXA" class="cyc_term">UsingALanguage</a> is an event in which some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvsaaeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a> produces (tokens of) expressions in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a>. Notable specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjLvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Writing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwGayhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Talking</a>. CreatingAFile <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwKGcipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreatingAFile</a> is the collection of actions done by computers to generate instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrgHFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerFileCopy</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwKGcipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreatingAFile</a>, a computer stores information on an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStorageMedia</a>. computer file creation GivingAnAlarmSignal giving an alarm signal The collection of all communicative acts (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>) in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQCOR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AlarmSignal</a> is the primary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqy9EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>. charging documenting responsibility for payment A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> and specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rrWKEDDhAEdaAAACQJ5GoQA" class="cyc_term">AttributingResponsibility</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ratGCFr2hEdmAAACQJw5drg" class="cyc_term">Charging_DocumentingResponsibilityForPayment</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a> in which an agent documents another agent's responsibility to pay for certain goods or services provided. Examples: a phone company documenting the charge for a long-distance call made by one of its customers, a waiter entering into a computerized register the (fixed-price) items ordered by a restaurant patron. For a different (but closely related) sense of "charging someone for something," see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViNkJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RequestingPayment</a>. Charging-DocumentingResponsibilityForPayment generation of an original information bearing thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2r5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Original</a> is an event in which some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (hereafter IBT) is generated, where the content of the IBT generated is not a copy of the content of any previously created IBT. IBTGeneration-Original producing musical sound ProducingMusicalSound The collection of events in which musical sounds are generated (c.f. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjOJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Music</a>). This collection includes both the production of music by agents (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkKpuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingMusicalSound</a>) and the production of music by automated means, as in the playback of a musical <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkElZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RecordedSoundProduct</a>. VisualInformationGeneratingAct A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2ZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationGeneratingAct</a> is an action that generates visual information (i.e. information of a kind typically accessed via the sense of sight). Specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2I5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAGesture</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikupwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DisplayingSomething</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjLvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Writing</a>. If a given visual-information-generating act also involves conveying the information to another agent (i.e. if it is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>), then it is also a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVik_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualCommunicating</a> (q.v.). Or a visual-information-generating act might be a proper sub-event of a visual-communicating act. transmission of visual information event in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6pTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a> is an event in which a new instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (IBT) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV5PA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a> (q.v.) of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information. IBTGeneration-Replication What you do when you don't like a performance. boo Booing Whistling-Human whistle The whistling that humans do as opposed to birds, or whistles (the physical device) convincing Convincing-CommunicationAct A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of this collection is an act of causing someone to believe or do something by intentional communication. Notable specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVmr65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersuadingToAct</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvuifHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DissuadingFromAction</a>. generation of an information bearing thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> and of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> is an event which creates some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g. sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (cf. the important specialization of IBTGeneration -- <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a>). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> whether there is another agent who accesses the resulting IBT. Note that every communication act starts with an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. (Thus, see also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> and its specializations, especially <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>.) For an analogous collection regarding instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rTUOK-GaPEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">CWCreation</a>. Two important specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2r5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Original</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6pTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqy9EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>. IBTGeneration TransferOut A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeneralizedTransfer</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvcFjVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransferOut</a> includes all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeneralizedTransfer</a> in which some object plays the role of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv9UIFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">from_Generic</a>, but in which there may or may not be any object playing the role of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAyrYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">to_Generic</a>. At the start of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvcFjVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransferOut</a>, the object playing the role of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rDbKaOuVmQdeTKaYmT-4jgg" class="cyc_term">transferredThing</a> is 'located' at the object playing the role of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv9UIFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">from_Generic</a>. The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvcFjVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransferOut</a> includes, among other things, all instances of the collections <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtAG-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Emission</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWQcoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LosingUserRights</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj9a5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DistributionEvent</a>. Negative examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvcFjVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransferOut</a> include some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjuo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AppropriatingSomething</a> (when there is no previous owner) and some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjcMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hearing</a> (when the sounds may come from various unspecified locations). transfer event with well-defined from-location A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViOtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeneralizedTransfer</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> is an event in which information is transferred from a source (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV5PA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a>) to one or more destinations (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVipxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationDestination</a>), where the source and the various destinations are either intelligent agents or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s (IBTs). Examples include reading a book (transfer of information from the book to the reader), saying something to someone (transfer of information from the speaker to the listener), machine translation (transfer of information from an encoded IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in the target language), OCR scanning (transfer of information from a visual information source to another IBT in a different format), carving initials in a tree (transfer of information from an agent to an IBT), and making a speech (transfer of information from an agent to other agents). See also the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvucXhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferPhysicalEvent</a>. InformationTransferEvent information transfer boasting A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVr8vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StatingSomething</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwADXquyvQdidfrgWSV2RBA" class="cyc_term">Boasting</a> is a communication act in which the speaker or writer intends to give his audience a high opinion of him. An act of boasting typically takes the form of the boaster pointing out some noteworthy accomplishment, ability, attribute, or possession of his. (But note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwADXquyvQdidfrgWSV2RBA" class="cyc_term">Boasting</a> is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>.) Boasting A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> and characterized by one or more <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> sub-events. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are focal). Since <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>, each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> event must be intentional on the part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rt4Hz8rsOQdiUO4DMdSL3eA" class="cyc_term">communicatorOfInfo</a>; it may or may not be intentional on the part of the agent playing the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpBwKLLsPQdiZUP7Z9IOkww" class="cyc_term">infoCommunicatedTo</a> role. Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is listening to her, is not <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>; rather Romeo (and Juliet, unaware) are engaged in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWU4VpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Eavesdropping</a>. Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MultiDirectionalCommunication</a>). Every event belonging to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjJB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AudioCommunicating</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViPa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonVerbalCommunicating</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViSEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating</a>); by the type of information involved (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVihhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAnAgreement</a>); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVix4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjt_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Negotiating</a>); by the agents involved (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj_IJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntraOrganizationCommunication</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjM8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StageProduction</a>). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents. communication Communicating <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. BT broaderTerm Informing informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1IVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rSVeRKEhvQdiNRftUJQEofA" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXZEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjqypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Requesting_CommunicationAct</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVipOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ordering_CommunicationAct</a> is a communication act in which an agent orders one or more other agents to do something. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVipOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ordering_CommunicationAct</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYeyc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ordering_MilitaryCommunicationAct</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmvc3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AssigningAgentToRole</a>. order Ordering-CommunicationAct A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwBdWmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttemptingFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOImtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pretending</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a> is an event in which the performer is not telling the truth, believes that what he is saying is not true, and intends to be saying what he says to get his audience to believe what he says. lying Lying candidate KB completeness node CandidateKBCompletenessNode InformationAndCWs-Topic information and CWs topic generation of an information bearing thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> and of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> is an event which creates some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g. sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (cf. the important specialization of IBTGeneration -- <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a>). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> whether there is another agent who accesses the resulting IBT. Note that every communication act starts with an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. (Thus, see also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> and its specializations, especially <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>.) For an analogous collection regarding instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rTUOK-GaPEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">CWCreation</a>. Two important specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2r5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Original</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6pTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqy9EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>. IBTGeneration CreationEvent A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWdRSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreationOrDestructionEvent</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjeiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreationEvent</a>, at least one instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi255wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a> (q.v.) is brought into existence (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWStbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">outputsCreated</a>). creation event CommunicationAct-Single single communication act A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> is a single-source transmission of information from one sender (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a>) to one or more recipients (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>). Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjWH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString generation of an information bearing thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> and of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> is an event which creates some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g. sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (cf. the important specialization of IBTGeneration -- <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a>). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> whether there is another agent who accesses the resulting IBT. Note that every communication act starts with an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. (Thus, see also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> and its specializations, especially <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>.) For an analogous collection regarding instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rTUOK-GaPEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">CWCreation</a>. Two important specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2r5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Original</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV6pTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqy9EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>. IBTGeneration type of temporally stuff-like thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. TemporalStuffType action The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>s (q.v.) that are carried out by some "doer" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1HmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">doneBy</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a> include any event in which one or more actors effect some change in the (tangible or intangible) state of the world, typically by an expenditure of effort or energy. Note that it is not required that any tangible object be moved, changed, produced, or destroyed for an action to occur; the effects of an action might be intangible (such as a change in a bank balance or the intimidation of a subordinate). Note also that the doer of an action, though typically an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> (q.v.), need not be (e.g. a falling rock that dents a car's roof). Depending upon the context, doers of actions might be animate or inanimate, conscious or nonconscious. For actions that are intentional, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVipYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">performedBy</a>. Action The communication of a musical idea. MusicalCommunicating musical communicating