]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Deceiving A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOImtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pretending</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwG1h15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InfluencingAnAgent</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a> is the collection of events in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> deliberately engages in activities which both are intended to, and in fact do, induce false beliefs in another agent. Note that if either the information conveyed by the would-be deceiver is in fact true (although the would-be deceiver thinks it's false), or the would-be victim of the deception does not, as a result of the would-be deceiver's actions, acquire the false beliefs as intended, then the act is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>, but is an instance of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwBdWmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttemptingFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>). (Also see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>.) Notable specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAITlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheating</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a>. deceiving http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception deceiving action has fooled tricked will have duped will trick have fooled had fooled had deceived deceiving actions fools deceive trick sleight has tricked had tricked fooled will dupe will have fooled duped will have deceived dupe tricks have duped has deceived tricking dupes deceives have deceived has duped will fool fooling duping fool will have tricked have tricked will deceive had duped deceived MoneyLaundering A specialization of <font color="#ff0000">#$ActsCommonlyConsideredCriminal</font>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmi94JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MoneyLaundering</a> is an activity in which the source of some money is obscured, typically by distributing the money over many accounts or repositories of money. Normally, such an activity occurs in cases where an agent has acquired some money illegally, and needs to hide that fact in order to avoid prosecution or to avoid paying taxes. money laundering acting as a decoy A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>. In events of this type, some agent acts as a decoy to misdirect the attention of some opposing agent. ActingAsADecoy The collection of all actions in which one agent breaks some rule without being penalized or otherwise adversely affected. This generally entails that at least one other agent is deceived into thinking that the cheater has abided by the rules. If the cheater is discovered and penalized for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAITlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheating</a>, then the action is an instance not of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAITlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheating</a>, but of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwBdWmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttemptingFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAITlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheating</a>). Cheating rip-off The collection of all willful misrepresentations intended to deprive another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> of some right, esp. user rights for a valuable possession or money. fraud Fraud preparing for unauthorized entry to cockpit deception An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rI3G7MYx0EdeOHwCgycbRww" class="cyc_term">PreparingForUnauthorizedEntryToCockpit</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rI3HiQIx0EdeOHwCgycbRww" class="cyc_term">PreparingForUnauthorizedEntryToCockpit_Deception</a> is an event in which agents use deception in order to enable them to gain entry to an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViKbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AirplaneCockpit</a> (for example by luring a cockpit occupant out of the cockpit by feining some kind of emergency). PreparingForUnauthorizedEntryToCockpit-Deception LayeringOfFundsDuringLaundering <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rJ2C86m7nQdiYY95e-oC_lA" class="cyc_term">LayeringOfFundsDuringLaundering</a> is a sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rIRtNKG7nQdiNBpO2x0iMAA" class="cyc_term">ChangeOfPropertyHoldings</a> that is associated with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmi94JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MoneyLaundering</a>. Specifically, an event of this sort represents the middle stage in the money laundering process. This stage involves a series of transfers where there is no change in who actually possesses the funds, but how that person came to possess the funds becomes obscured. These transfers can take any number of different forms. layering of funds during laundering scam The collection of all scams. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>. Scam Deceiving A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOImtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pretending</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwG1h15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InfluencingAnAgent</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a> is the collection of events in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> deliberately engages in activities which both are intended to, and in fact do, induce false beliefs in another agent. Note that if either the information conveyed by the would-be deceiver is in fact true (although the would-be deceiver thinks it's false), or the would-be victim of the deception does not, as a result of the would-be deceiver's actions, acquire the false beliefs as intended, then the act is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>, but is an instance of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwBdWmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttemptingFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>). (Also see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>.) Notable specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAITlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheating</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a>. deceiving A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally object-like. A collection <code><b>COL</b></code> is temporally object-like just in case it generally holds that any proper purely temporal parts (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> is not itself an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>. More precisely, a collection <code><b>COL</b></code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> just in case it satisfies the following: For any distinct <code><b>OBJ1</b></code> and <code><b>OBJ2</b></code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>COL</b>)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>OBJ2</b>)</code>, then <i>not</i> <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ2</b> <b>COL</b>)</code>. <p/> For example, none of the proper time-slices of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is itself a calendar year. Likewise for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> are both instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>. Conversely, a proper time-slice of a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> might itself be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> (e.g. an hour has minutes and seconds as time-slices); so <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> is <i>not</i> a temporal-object-type. <p/> See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally stuff-like. TemporalObjectType temporal object type MilitaryTaskedActionType type of military task The collection of all types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> that can be assigned as tasks (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpz69JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">unitAssignedToTask</a>) to a military unit (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQWn3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModernMilitaryUnit_Deployable</a>). Examples of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBvMr-qWFEdaAAAABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">MilitaryTaskedActionType</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvbfzAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttackOnObject</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv4jqZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalDestructionEvent</a>. It is not assumed that any spec whatsoever of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rBvMr-qWFEdaAAAABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">MilitaryTaskedActionType</a> : e.g., the collection of tasks to be performed by UNIT003 by 3 pm on July 31 might well be a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a>, but it shouldn't be a military task _type_ in its own right. (In other words: this collection does not include the powerset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwCCSNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MilitaryAction</a>.) Deceiving A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOImtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pretending</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwG1h15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InfluencingAnAgent</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a> is the collection of events in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> deliberately engages in activities which both are intended to, and in fact do, induce false beliefs in another agent. Note that if either the information conveyed by the would-be deceiver is in fact true (although the would-be deceiver thinks it's false), or the would-be victim of the deception does not, as a result of the would-be deceiver's actions, acquire the false beliefs as intended, then the act is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>, but is an instance of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwBdWmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttemptingFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>). (Also see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>.) Notable specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAITlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheating</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a>. deceiving Pretending A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViN65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanActivity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrOVYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulPhysicalAction</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOImtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pretending</a> is an action in which a person pretends that something is true. pretending Deceiving A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOImtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pretending</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwG1h15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InfluencingAnAgent</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a> is the collection of events in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> deliberately engages in activities which both are intended to, and in fact do, induce false beliefs in another agent. Note that if either the information conveyed by the would-be deceiver is in fact true (although the would-be deceiver thinks it's false), or the would-be victim of the deception does not, as a result of the would-be deceiver's actions, acquire the false beliefs as intended, then the act is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>, but is an instance of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwBdWmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttemptingFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>). (Also see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>.) Notable specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAITlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheating</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a>. deceiving Deceiving A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOImtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pretending</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwG1h15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InfluencingAnAgent</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a> is the collection of events in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> deliberately engages in activities which both are intended to, and in fact do, induce false beliefs in another agent. Note that if either the information conveyed by the would-be deceiver is in fact true (although the would-be deceiver thinks it's false), or the would-be victim of the deception does not, as a result of the would-be deceiver's actions, acquire the false beliefs as intended, then the act is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>, but is an instance of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwBdWmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttemptingFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>). (Also see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>.) Notable specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAITlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheating</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a>. deceiving Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString InfluencingAnAgent A collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>s. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwG1h15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InfluencingAnAgent</a>, one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> deliberately and successfully influences the actions of another (or at least the other's dispositions to act). This collection is restricted to &quot;influence&quot; through cognitive or emotional channels -- e.g. influencing someone through rational persuasion, through appeals to emotion, or by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvlLn7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAThreat</a>. Affecting someone's behavior solely by the application of physical force -- e.g. twisting your arm to make you cry out -- is not influencing in the relevant sense. Also, this collection does not include cases where an agent A influences the actions of B unknowingly -- e.g., by serving as a role model for B, or by unintentionally alienating B. Borderline cases involve the influenced agent acting in a way the influencer did not envision -- e.g. my telling you to be more assertive in your personal relationships, and you responding to the advice (to my horror) by beating someone up. influencing an agent learned activity LearnedActivityType This is the collection of activities which must first be learned before they can be performed--i.e., before any role which is a specPred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1HmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">doneBy</a> can be played.