]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. upward location underspecified The collection of all abstract locations that are perceived to have some innate 'upward directionality'. For instance, many emotions are organized according to an up/down dichotomy: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Happiness</a> is up, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0wZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sadness</a> is down. Likewise for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GreatWealth</a> (i.e., rich is up, poor is down). UpwardLocation-Underspecified The enjoyment of pleasurable satisfaction that goes with well-being, security, effective accomplishments, or satisfied wishes. As with all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EmotionalQuantityType</a>s, this is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> -- the collection of all possible amounts of happiness one can feel. One instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Happiness</a> is `extremely happy'; another is `just a little bit happy'. Note: Obviously there are no real units of measure for this quantity, ways of objectively measuring the amount of happiness possessed or gained or lost, etc., but still this has proven to be a useful way for Cyc to represent and reason with emotions. E.g., one can have a rule that says that most people have a greater `amount' of happiness at their wedding than at their high school graduation, etc. There are functions, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgDDa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LowAmountFn</a>, which take a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimitiveOrderedQuantityType</a> (such as the instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EmotionalQuantityType</a>) such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Happiness</a> and return as their value a certain-sized amount of that feeling; e.g., (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgDDa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LowAmountFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Happiness</a>) is an expression whose value is a positive but small amount of happiness, and that in turn will be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Happiness</a> (and also will be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViC_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FeelingAttribute</a>). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EmotionalQuantityType</a>s organize into a lattice; e.g., there are several more specialized forms of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Happiness</a> that are present in Cyc's ontology, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Elation</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViREJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Delight</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjdNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Triumph</a>, etc. happiness Happiness An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EmotionalQuantityType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi97ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Satisfaction</a> is some agent's feeling that at least some of her desires or needs have been met. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi97ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Satisfaction</a> vary depending on the intensity of the feeling or on the subject experiencing the feeling. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi97ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Satisfaction</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgC8FJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Approval</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViU6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Contentment</a>. Satisfaction satisfaction MountOlympus Mt. Olympus mountain famed in Greek antiquity and mythology upward location underspecified The collection of all abstract locations that are perceived to have some innate 'upward directionality'. For instance, many emotions are organized according to an up/down dichotomy: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Happiness</a> is up, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0wZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sadness</a> is down. Likewise for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GreatWealth</a> (i.e., rich is up, poor is down). UpwardLocation-Underspecified A collection of collections. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvyGj9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnderspecifiedCollectionType</a> is a collection of of objects or stuffs that may bridge any of the domains of literality and metaphoricity, space and time, or physical and intangible. Each type of underspecified thing is intensionally neutral with regard to such issues; the type exists to allow underspecification to occur at the relational level, thus releasing Natural Language (NL) semantics from the need to specify precise semantic structures when such a responsibility is essentially post-NL (i.e., one of real-world reasoning). Inference rules should be used to bridge between underspecified predicates and fully-specified predicates. For instance,(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvlKosJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">contains_Underspecified</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViUM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Love</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1G895wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiddharthaGautama</a>) is an underspecified (and conventionally-metaphoric) means of stating 'Siddhartha is in love'. Inference rules which encode the common-sense relationship between abstract-states and containment are responsible for producing the fully-specified assertion (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvl1W4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">feelingTypeExperienced</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1G895wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiddharthaGautama</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViUM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Love</a>) from this underspecified form. So why use the underspecified form at all? Firstly, it conforms to human thought processes as visible through language use (many, many empirical studies support this). Secondly, it greatly simplies the processes of lexical semantics and NL parsing. UnderspecifiedCollectionType type of underspecified collection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all and only those collections <code>COL</code> such that any thing's being an instance of <code>COL</code> depends on the current state of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjqoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycKB</a>. Such a <code>COL</code> corresponds to a property defined (at least partly) in terms of the contents, features, or implementation of the Cyc Knowledge Base itself, as opposed to a property that "exists out there" in the KB-independent world. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV281JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLAssertion</a> is a KB-dependent collection, membership in which requires of a given CycL sentence that it has in fact been asserted to the KB. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLSentence</a> is also KB-dependent, as being a CycL sentence requires being composed (ultimately) out of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvu6KTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLReifiedDenotationalTerm</a>s (and perhaps variables) -- i.e. terms that are currently reified in the KB. Conversely, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5ddsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sentence</a> is not a KB-dependent collection. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvip9N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KBDependentRelation</a>. KB dependent collection KBDependentCollection OrientedLocation-Underspecified The collection of locations, tangible or otherwise, which are typically conceptualized by human beings for purposes of common-sense reasoning as possessing some sense of 'vertical orientation'. Language is permeated with metaphors based on such oriented states/abstract-locations, as in 'He is high', 'I'm down', 'his spirits rose', 'mine fell', 'Ishtar nose-dived', etc. These states are thus very important for many inference tasks that must reason about affective states. Orientation metaphors are amongst the most pervasive in any language, e.g.: Up = More = Good = Desirable, Down = Less = Bad = Undesirable. oriented location underspecified upward location underspecified The collection of all abstract locations that are perceived to have some innate 'upward directionality'. For instance, many emotions are organized according to an up/down dichotomy: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi1AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Happiness</a> is up, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0wZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sadness</a> is down. Likewise for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GreatWealth</a> (i.e., rich is up, poor is down). UpwardLocation-Underspecified