]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A collection of collections. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjSAy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTFormatType</a> are collections of things which store or encode information. Each IBTFormatType is distinguished primarily by the physical format of its instances. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompactDisc_Generic</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjRW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VideoTape</a> are all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjSAy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTFormatType</a>. Non-examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP2KM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JazzMusic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2L1npwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StarTrek_TNG</a>, since these are distinguished primarily by the kind of information contained, rather than physical format. (edited ABelasco) type of information bearing thing classified by format IBTFormatType types of information bearing thing classified by format The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrgHFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerFileCopy</a>s that are infected by a computer virus. computer file copy virus infected ComputerFileCopy-VirusInfected MiniDisc minidisc A disc based digital medium for recording and distributing consumer audio that is ``near CD'' (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvW4n1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompactDisc_Audio</a>) in quality. HardDisk This is the collection of all Hard Disks. These are usually fixed magnetic disks which are used for memory storage by a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViDhZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardDiskDrive</a>. hard disk RAM disk RAMDisk RAM memory that is configured to behave like a disk drive. The collection of generic CompactDiscs often (but not necessarily) used for digital information storage, whether audio, video or other. Subcollections include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvW4n1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompactDisc_Audio</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjFUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CD_ROM</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJAempwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CD_R</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvn9enZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CD_RW</a>, etc.. CompactDisc-Generic compact disc information bearing object in the form of paper Paper-IBO A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>. Each instance of this collection is an artifact in the form of one or more sheets of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVibNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Paper</a>, containing markings (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkLmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualMark</a>) that may be interpreted as encoding information. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvxYpx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Paper_IBO</a>s are often textual (i.e instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a>) but not always (c.f. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdOOfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MapCopy</a>, for instance). When they consist of more than one sheet of paper, these are often bound together, as in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViXeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MagazineCopy</a>. A specialization of #$ComputerDataArtifact-Complete. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrgHFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerFileCopy</a> is an information bearing thing that is identified as a unit by a unique name, and which is object-like in an important respect. Although some files may have other files as parts, every file is such that if some information were removed from it -- if it were truncated in a certain respect -- it would no longer be a file. Examples include individual image files, text files, sound files and executables (instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvwE_DpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgramCopy</a>) that are stored on some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViQUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerStorageDevice</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrgHFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerFileCopy</a> are actual physical objects or events (e.g., the magnetic domains, holes in a piece of paper, or voltage fluctuations in a device corresponding to bits or bytes) which encode information. ComputerFileCopy computer file Magnetic tape used to store information; used in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AudioCassette</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjqRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VideoCassette</a>. This is a collection of the stuff itself, not a packaging of it. MagneticTape magnetic tape HardcopyInformationBearingObject physical information bearing object The "collection-intersection" (and thus a common specialization) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkH_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_W6CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdCO4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBO</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a> is an human-created <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (IBO) in a "hard" format (e.g. written on paper, on wood, on palm leaves, engraved in metal, or carved on stone) that humans can obtain information from by viewing (if there is sufficient light) without using a computer or electronic device. In many cases the information is encoded in visual symbols, whose <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0P5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationConvention</a> must be understood by anyone who would access the information. For example, the information may be stored as English text. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a> include: a billboard, a greeting card, a restaurant check, a magazine, an engraving by Rembrandt, a Picasso painting, and a hardcopy of a map with no text on it. Note that this collection does _not_ include IBOs embodied in magnetic media such as tape or disk (as the information they bear is not directly accessible to someone viewing them) or Braille books (as they are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_W6CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a>, whose information content must be accessed visually). disk sector DiskSector This is the collection of all sectors on elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjEJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerDisk</a>. DVD-Disk A collection of #$Disks. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvaeFVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DVD_Disk</a> is a round, shiny disk similar in shape and appearance to a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompactDisc_Generic</a>, but with a greater storage capacity (several gigabytes, depending on whether it is single- or double-sided and how many layers of information are encoded on each side). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvaeFVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DVD_Disk</a>s are currently (1998) used for distribution and playback of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv973YpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Movie_CW</a>s and multimedia software too large for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjFUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CD_ROM</a>s, and for backup of computer <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViDhZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardDiskDrive</a>s. DVD disc The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection A collection of collections. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjSAy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTFormatType</a> are collections of things which store or encode information. Each IBTFormatType is distinguished primarily by the physical format of its instances. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompactDisc_Generic</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjRW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VideoTape</a> are all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjSAy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTFormatType</a>. Non-examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP2KM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JazzMusic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2L1npwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StarTrek_TNG</a>, since these are distinguished primarily by the kind of information contained, rather than physical format. (edited ABelasco) type of information bearing thing classified by format IBTFormatType A collection of collections. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjSAy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTFormatType</a> are collections of things which store or encode information. Each IBTFormatType is distinguished primarily by the physical format of its instances. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompactDisc_Generic</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjgDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjRW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VideoTape</a> are all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjSAy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTFormatType</a>. Non-examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP2KM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JazzMusic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2L1npwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StarTrek_TNG</a>, since these are distinguished primarily by the kind of information contained, rather than physical format. (edited ABelasco) type of information bearing thing classified by format IBTFormatType Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString type of temporally stuff-like thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. TemporalStuffType