]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. penn pos tag PennPosTag The collection of part of speech tags developed for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EnglishLanguage</a> by the UniversityOfPennsylvania. Each part of speech tag is roughly akin to conventional parts of speech, but more detailed in that it incorporates morphological distinctions like different degrees of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWdXuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">singular</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVpoU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">plural</a> form of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s, and different inflections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>s. A scheme different from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjnjqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PennPosTag</a>s is used to organize the lexicon in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a>, but since many tagged corpora use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjnjqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PennPosTag</a>s, the quantitive information contained in those corpora can be used for more efficient parsing. The tag used for any kind of closing parentheses like <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP3q0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CloseParen_TheSymbol</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvivzPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CloseSquareBracket_TheSymbol</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvziYkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CloseCurlyBracket_TheSymbol</a>. CLP-PennTag CLP Penn Tag SUB Penn Tag SUB-PennTag RSQ Penn Tag The tag used for the right single quote '. The actual tag used is ', which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name. RSQ-PennTag ADJP-PennTag ADJP Penn Tag POU-PennTag The tag used for the pound sign. The actual tag used is '#', which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name. POU Penn Tag LSQ-PennTag LSQ Penn Tag The tag used for the left single quote `. The actual tag used is `, which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name. The tag used for unmarked <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s which do not fall under any of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjnjqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PennPosTag</a>s RBR, RBS or WRB like 'often' and 'particularly', negative <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s like 'not' and 'n't', degree <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s like 'very', 'so' and 'too', postposed degree <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s like 'enough' and 'indeed', and nominal <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s like 'here', 'there' and 'now'. RB Penn Tag RB-PennTag RBR-PennTag RBR Penn Tag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s in their <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVrTYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">comparativeDegree</a> like 'slower'. A meaningless wrapper added by some parsers to the outermost node, possibly useful when you have several unrelated fragments, or several sentences. Note: not necessarily a sentential node, or even a phrase of any type licensed by the grammar. S 1 Penn Tag S1-PennTag TO Penn Tag TO-PennTag The tag used for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPKhsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InfinitiveComp</a> 'to' and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Preposition</a> 'to'. VBZ Penn Tag VBZ-PennTag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV9oNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MainVerb</a>s and nonmodal <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWA5j5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxVerb</a> in the present, 3rd singular form like 'takes', 'lives', 'does', 'has', 'is', and ''s'. The tag used for possessive and qustion <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s lik e'whose'. WP Penn Tag WP-PennTag ADVP Penn Tag ADVP-PennTag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s in their <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVtTqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">regularDegree</a> like 'happy' and 'bad', for ordinal numbers like 'second' and 'last', <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s in their semantic superlative like 'chief' and 'top', and postdeterminers like 'many' and 'same'. JJ-PennTag JJ Penn Tag S Penn Tag S-PennTag FW Penn Tag The tag used for foreign words not in the English lexicon. FW-PennTag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMCe_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNoun</a>s in their <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVpoU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">plural</a> from like 'Australians' or 'Methodists'. NNPS-PennTag NNPS Penn Tag WPD-PennTag WPD Penn Tag The tag used for possessive and qustion <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s lik e'whose'. The actual tag used is WP$, which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name The tag used for question or degree and question <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s like 'when', 'how', 'why' or 'how' and 'however'. WRB Penn Tag WRB-PennTag RDQ Penn Tag The tag used for the right double quote ''. The actual tag used is '', which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name. RDQ-PennTag NN Penn Tag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWUiiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MassNoun</a>s like 'milk', for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun</a>s and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AgentiveNoun</a>s used in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWdXuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">singular</a> form like 'woman', for adverbial nouns like 'tomorrow' and 'home' and for nominal indefinite <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4CspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pronoun</a>s like 'none', 'everything' and 'one'. NN-PennTag The tag used for possessive <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s like 'their' and 'your'. The actual tag used is PRP$, which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name PRPD Penn Tag PRPD-PennTag The tag used for particle <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s like 'up', 'off' and 'out'. RP Penn Tag RP-PennTag COL-PennTag The tag used for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2HTQJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PunctuationSymbol</a>s <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP3rXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Semicolon_TheSymbol</a> ';', <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP3reJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Colon_TheSymbol</a> ':', and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvfRUX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ellipsis_TheSymbol</a> '...'. COL Penn Tag PP Penn Tag PP-PennTag JJS-PennTag JJS Penn Tag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s in their <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWV3P5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">superlativeDegree</a> like 'happiest' and 'worst'. VBP-PennTag The tag used for present tense, non third singular form of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV9oNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MainVerb</a>s and nonmodal <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWA5j5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxVerb</a>s like 'take', 'live', 'do', 'have' and 'am'. VBP Penn Tag DOL Penn Tag DOL-PennTag The tag used for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP3yrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DollarSign_TheSymbol</a> '$'. The actual tag used is '$', which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name. WDT Penn Tag The tag used for question <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s like 'which' and 'whatever'. WDT-PennTag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV9oNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MainVerb</a>s and nonmodal <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWA5j5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxVerb</a>s in the present participle form like 'taking', 'living', 'doing', 'having' and 'being'. VBG-PennTag VBG Penn Tag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMCe_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProperNoun</a>s and names in their <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8Hnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">nonPlural_Generic</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP336JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">nameString</a> form like 'John' and 'London'. NNP-PennTag NNP Penn Tag WHADVP-PennTag WHADVP Penn Tag PRP-PennTag The tag used for possessive <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s like 'mine' and 'yours', for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViFAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubjectPronoun</a>s and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi-HJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectPronoun</a>s like 'you', 'she', and 'them', and for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi94ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ReflexivePronoun</a>s like 'herself' and 'ourselves' . PRP Penn Tag VBN-PennTag VBN Penn Tag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV9oNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MainVerb</a>s and nonmodal <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWA5j5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxVerb</a>s in the past/passive participle form like 'taken', 'lived', 'done', 'had' and 'been'. The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CountNoun</a>s and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AgentiveNoun</a>s in their <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVpoU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">plural</a> form like 'women' or 'runners', and for adverbial plural nouns like 'Sundays' and 'weekdays'. NNS Penn Tag NNS-PennTag The tag used for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVxCXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PossessiveMarker</a>s 's and '. POS Penn Tag POS-PennTag LS-PennTag LS Penn Tag The tag used for list items like 'A' and 'First'. The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViALJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Adverb</a>s in their <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWV3P5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">superlativeDegree</a> like 'slowest'. RBS Penn Tag RBS-PennTag SYM-PennTag The tag used for symbols like '[fj]', '<' and '*'. SYM Penn Tag MD-PennTag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViExpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Modal</a> verbs like 'can', could, and ''ll'. MD Penn Tag The tag used for the infinite form of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV9oNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MainVerb</a>s and nonmodal <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWA5j5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxVerb</a>s like 'take', 'live', 'do', 'have' and 'be'. VB Penn Tag VB-PennTag WHNP-PennTag WHNP Penn Tag CD-PennTag The tag used for cardinal numbers used as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s like '4' and 'seventeen'. CD Penn Tag COM Penn Tag COM-PennTag The tag used for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2HTQJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PunctuationSymbol</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkH9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Comma_TheSymbol</a> ','. The actual tag used is ',', which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name. SBar-PennTag S Bar Penn Tag VBD-PennTag VBD The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV9oNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MainVerb</a>s and nonmodal <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWA5j5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxVerb</a>s in the past tense like 'took', 'lived', 'did', 'had' and 'was'. The tag used for any kind of opening parentheses like <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP3qnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OpenParen_TheSymbol</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8PE8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OpenSquareBracket_TheSymbol</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">and</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwRKMsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OpenCurlyBracket_TheSymbol</a>. The actual tag used is '(', which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name. OPP-PennTag OPP Penn Tag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvvvyPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuotationMark_Double</a>. The actual tag used is the double quote, which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name. DBQ Penn Tag DBQ-PennTag DT-PennTag DT Penn Tag The tag used for determiners, which do not fall under any of the categories PDT, JJ, PRP$, PRP, WDT or WP$ like 'this', 'each' and 'another', pronoun <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s like 'any' and 'some', pronoun plural <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s like 'these' and 'those', pronoun or double conjunction <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s like 'both', 'either' and 'neither, and articles like 'the', 'a' and 'an'. OBJ Penn Tag OBJ-PennTag PDT-PennTag The tag used for prequalifier and prequantifier <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Determiner</a>s like 'quite', 'all' and 'half'. PDT Penn Tag The tag used for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVxBiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">There_Existential</a> 'there'. EX Penn Tag EX-PennTag JJR Penn Tag JJR-PennTag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s in their <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVrTYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">comparativeDegree</a> like 'happier' and 'worse'. UH Penn Tag UH-PennTag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgwDEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Interjection_SpeechPart</a>s and other isolated material like 'oh', 'yes' and 'mmmmm'. NP-PennTag NP Penn Tag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWRLCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CoordinatingConjunction</a>s like 'and' or 'or' and double conjunctions like 'either', 'neither' and 'both'. CC-PennTag CC Penn Tag The tag used for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWUEE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubordinatingConjunction</a>s like 'although' and 'when', for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViFlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Complementizer</a> 'that', and for all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Preposition</a>s other than 'to' like 'for', 'above' and 'of'. IN-PennTag IN Penn Tag LDQ Penn Tag LDQ-PennTag The tag used for the left double quote ``. The actual tag used is ``, which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name. The tag used for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv2HTQJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PunctuationSymbol</a>s <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP3xIZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Period_TheSymbol</a> '.', <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV7dApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExclamationPoint_TheSymbol</a> '!' and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOz_EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuestionMark_TheSymbol</a> '?'. The actual tag used is '.', which is not a valid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a> constant name. PER-PennTag PER Penn Tag PRT-PennTag PRT Penn Tag VP Penn Tag VP-PennTag penn pos tag PennPosTag The collection of part of speech tags developed for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EnglishLanguage</a> by the UniversityOfPennsylvania. Each part of speech tag is roughly akin to conventional parts of speech, but more detailed in that it incorporates morphological distinctions like different degrees of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWdXuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">singular</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVpoU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">plural</a> form of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s, and different inflections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>s. A scheme different from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjnjqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PennPosTag</a>s is used to organize the lexicon in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a>, but since many tagged corpora use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjnjqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PennPosTag</a>s, the quantitive information contained in those corpora can be used for more efficient parsing. The collection of linguistic objects which are not morphemes, but which nonetheless make up part of a language system; e.g., the parts of speech. nonlexical linguistic object NonlexicalLinguisticObject AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code>COL</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (ANECT) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code>COL</code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code> essentially (i.e. <code>INST</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code>COL</code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code>COL</code>. Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers)) This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not necessarily true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential LinguisticObjectType linguistic object type A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObjectType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQ-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinguisticObject</a> (q.v.). penn pos tag PennPosTag The collection of part of speech tags developed for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi3AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EnglishLanguage</a> by the UniversityOfPennsylvania. Each part of speech tag is roughly akin to conventional parts of speech, but more detailed in that it incorporates morphological distinctions like different degrees of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7eWH4WMnEd2GygDggVfexA" class="cyc_term">Adjective</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWdXuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">singular</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVpoU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">plural</a> form of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvojLOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Noun</a>s, and different inflections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Verb</a>s. A scheme different from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjnjqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PennPosTag</a>s is used to organize the lexicon in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a>, but since many tagged corpora use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjnjqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PennPosTag</a>s, the quantitive information contained in those corpora can be used for more efficient parsing. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all and only those collections <code>COL</code> such that any thing's being an instance of <code>COL</code> depends on the current state of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjqoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycKB</a>. Such a <code>COL</code> corresponds to a property defined (at least partly) in terms of the contents, features, or implementation of the Cyc Knowledge Base itself, as opposed to a property that "exists out there" in the KB-independent world. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV281JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLAssertion</a> is a KB-dependent collection, membership in which requires of a given CycL sentence that it has in fact been asserted to the KB. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLSentence</a> is also KB-dependent, as being a CycL sentence requires being composed (ultimately) out of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvu6KTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLReifiedDenotationalTerm</a>s (and perhaps variables) -- i.e. terms that are currently reified in the KB. Conversely, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5ddsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sentence</a> is not a KB-dependent collection. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvip9N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KBDependentRelation</a>. KB dependent collection KBDependentCollection