]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. point-trick card game PointTrickCardGame The subcollection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0AdNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrickTakingCardGame</a>s in which the value of the trick does depend on what cards it contains. Point trick games are so called because the cards have point values, and the result is determined not by the number of tricks taken, but by the total point value of the cards taken. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> is an example of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkIfK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PointTrickCardGame</a>. point trick games point-trick card games point trick game Danish Tarok This card game is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> played in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjmJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Denmark</a>. DanishTarok-CardGame This card game is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> played in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViUl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Austria</a>. Konigrufen-CardGame Konigrufen Troggu-CardGame Troggu This card game is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> played in the German speaking part of canton Wallis in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Switzerland</a>. It seems to be on the verge of extinction, and may only survive in a small region to the west of Brig. This card game is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> played in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvs2-25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Slovenia</a>. SlovenianTarok-CardGame Slovenian Tarok This card game is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> played in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWS4CpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CzechRepublic</a> (especially in Moravia) and also in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWaR0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Slovakia</a>. Taroky is also played by the Czech community in the town of West, Texas. Apparently there are enough Taroky players in this town of about 2,000 residents to require a fairly steady supply of cards, and Taroky packs are available in the shops there. Taroky-CardGame Taroky <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5dOcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FrenchTarot_CardGame</a> is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> which is popular in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj6EJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">France</a> and the Francophone countries. It is arguably the most well-known version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a>. FrenchTarot-CardGame French Tarot This card game is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> played in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Switzerland</a>. Troccas-CardGame Troccas Ottocento-CardGame Ottocento This card game is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> which comes from the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPOuaZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CityOfBolognaItaly</a>. Tarot games have been played in that city for over 500 years, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFmQl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ottocento_CardGame</a> as currently played preserves many distinct characteristics (both of the games and of the pack of cards) which go back at least to the 16th century. This card game is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> played in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViUl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Austria</a>. Zwanzigerrufen Zwanzigerrufen-CardGame Cego-CardGame Cego This card game is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> played in southwest <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj4PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Germany</a>. It was developed in the early part of the 19th century and became the national card game of Baden and Hohenzollern, where it remains extremely popular. This card game was developed from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwSi7AJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HungarianTarokk_CardGame</a> in the 1920's by Karoly Lingel and Lajos Polyak. They added six extra bonuses to the basic game, thereby significantly increasing the scope for skillful play. Illustrated Hungarian Tarokk IllustratedHungarianTarokk-CardGame HungarianTarokk-CardGame Hungarian Tarokk This card game is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> which developed in the 19th century from a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvoLq9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Zwanzigerrufen_CardGame</a>. It is generally known as Huszashivasos tarokk (XX-calling tarokk), or Paskievics tarokk after Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich, the prince of Warsaw who led Russian troops to Hungary to put down the Hungarian revolution and war of independence in 1848/49. Possibly there is some connection between the year '48 and the 48 card points needed to win the game. Tarot <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkIfK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PointTrickCardGame</a> in which each player must play a trump card if he or she has no card of the suit led. There are several versions of Tarot, each with its own unique variations of a general set of rules. However all share a common historical origin in 15th century <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjMgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Italy</a> (as well as the previously mentioned trumping restriction). The versions represented are not exhaustive. Since at least 1780, Tarot cards have also been used for occult purposes (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYF2_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TarotCardReading</a>). In the twentieth century the occult interpretation of the cards has become more popular and widespread than the games for which the cards were originally intended. Tarot-CardGame Droggn This card game is a version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> which developed in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViUl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Austria</a>. There is a tradition among some of the players that this game was introduced from France or the French part of Switzerland. Some of them called it Franzosisches Tarock, to distinguish it from the Tarock games with 54 cards played in other parts of Austria (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqiCNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Konigrufen_CardGame</a>). Its introduction was said to be associated with Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolean hero who stood against Napoleon. Others, however, contend that it was imported from northern Italy by Italian door-to-door salesmen ('kraxn-drogar') who used to sell their goods in the Tyrol. In recent times it seems to be played only in the Stubai valley, south west of Innsbruck. Droggn-CardGame A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvyKgTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CardGame</a> played with a 48-card pack (two of each suit for high cards); play resembles whist pinochle Pinochle Skat-CardGame This card game is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkIfK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PointTrickCardGame</a> played primarily in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj4PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Germany</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjKypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Poland</a>, and among the German diaspora. skat point-trick card game PointTrickCardGame The subcollection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0AdNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrickTakingCardGame</a>s in which the value of the trick does depend on what cards it contains. Point trick games are so called because the cards have point values, and the result is determined not by the number of tricks taken, but by the total point value of the cards taken. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> is an example of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkIfK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PointTrickCardGame</a>. point-trick card game PointTrickCardGame The subcollection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0AdNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrickTakingCardGame</a>s in which the value of the trick does depend on what cards it contains. Point trick games are so called because the cards have point values, and the result is determined not by the number of tricks taken, but by the total point value of the cards taken. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> is an example of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkIfK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PointTrickCardGame</a>. ObjectType The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. type of object Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString point-trick card game PointTrickCardGame The subcollection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0AdNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrickTakingCardGame</a>s in which the value of the trick does depend on what cards it contains. Point trick games are so called because the cards have point values, and the result is determined not by the number of tricks taken, but by the total point value of the cards taken. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdNkg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tarot_CardGame</a> is an example of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkIfK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PointTrickCardGame</a>. The collection of all card games in which the objective of play is to win tricks, where a trick consists of each player in turn playing one card face up on the table (a few games have multiple tricks where several cards may be played at once). Playing the first card to a trick is called leading. There is some rule to determine which card wins the trick (for example the highest card of the suit led or the highest trump card played). The cards played to the trick are captured and generally placed face down in front of the winner of the trick. Usually the winner of a trick leads to the next. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0AdNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrickTakingCardGame</a> is covered by two sub-collections, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFRLFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlainTrickCardGame</a>s and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkIfK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PointTrickCardGame</a>s. TrickTakingCardGame trick-taking card game type of temporally stuff-like thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. TemporalStuffType