]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. The subcollection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0AdNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrickTakingCardGame</a>s in which the value of the trick does not depend on what cards it contains. The object of such games will typically be to win some number of tricks, or as many tricks as possible. Occasionally the object is to win a specific trick (like the last one). There are also some plain trick games where the object is to lose tricks (such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwI4sx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeartsGame</a>). Other examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFRLFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlainTrickCardGame</a>s are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmlcn5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Spades_CardGame</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1FL05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Whist</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOEVvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bridge_TheGame</a>. PlainTrickCardGame plain-trick card game plain-trick card games plain-trick game plain-trick games Piquet Piquet All instances of a card game for two players using a reduced pack of 32 cards A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvyKgTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CardGame</a> similar to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvuLlmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ecarte_CardGame</a>; each player is dealt 5 cards and the player making trump must take 3 tricks to win a hand Euchre Euchre Whist All instances of a card game for four players who form two partnerships; a pack of 52 cards is dealt and each side scores one point for each trick it takes in excess of six Whist Spades-CardGame This card game is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFRLFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlainTrickCardGame</a> in which spades are played as trump cards. It is most often played as a partnership game by four players, but there are also versions for three and for two players. Spades All instances of any of various card games based on whist for four players, the most common being contract bridge, a variety of bridge in which the bidder receives points toward game only if he takes at least the number of tricks bid. bridge Bridge-TheGame Hearts Game HeartsGame All instances of a form of whist in which players avoid winning tricks containing hearts or the queen of spades All instances of a form of whist with three players; four hands are dealt with the hand opposite the dealer being face up Dummy Whist DummyWhist The subcollection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0AdNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrickTakingCardGame</a>s in which the value of the trick does not depend on what cards it contains. The object of such games will typically be to win some number of tricks, or as many tricks as possible. Occasionally the object is to win a specific trick (like the last one). There are also some plain trick games where the object is to lose tricks (such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwI4sx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeartsGame</a>). Other examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFRLFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlainTrickCardGame</a>s are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmlcn5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Spades_CardGame</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1FL05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Whist</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOEVvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bridge_TheGame</a>. PlainTrickCardGame plain-trick card game ObjectType The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. type of object Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString The collection of all card games in which the objective of play is to win tricks, where a trick consists of each player in turn playing one card face up on the table (a few games have multiple tricks where several cards may be played at once). Playing the first card to a trick is called leading. There is some rule to determine which card wins the trick (for example the highest card of the suit led or the highest trump card played). The cards played to the trick are captured and generally placed face down in front of the winner of the trick. Usually the winner of a trick leads to the next. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0AdNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrickTakingCardGame</a> is covered by two sub-collections, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFRLFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlainTrickCardGame</a>s and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvkIfK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PointTrickCardGame</a>s. TrickTakingCardGame trick-taking card game The subcollection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0AdNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrickTakingCardGame</a>s in which the value of the trick does not depend on what cards it contains. The object of such games will typically be to win some number of tricks, or as many tricks as possible. Occasionally the object is to win a specific trick (like the last one). There are also some plain trick games where the object is to lose tricks (such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwI4sx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeartsGame</a>). Other examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFRLFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlainTrickCardGame</a>s are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmlcn5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Spades_CardGame</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv1FL05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Whist</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOEVvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bridge_TheGame</a>. PlainTrickCardGame plain-trick card game type of temporally stuff-like thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. TemporalStuffType