]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. MiddleEasternCountry Middle Eastern country The collection of countries in southwest Asia or, in the case of Egypt, northeast Africa, in the vicinity of the eastern Mediterranean or the Persian Gulf. Admittedly, a certain amount of arbitrariness is inevitable in specifying which countries are Middle Eastern; still, we've sought a serviceable delimitation based on geography and common usage. Specifically, the members of this collection are Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Middle Eastern countries LevantCountry The collection of nation-states of the Middle East that border the Eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. Levant country Persian Gulf country PersianGulfCountry The collection of nation-states bordering the Persian Gulf. Armenia Armenia is a small <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjk55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndependentCountry</a> in the southern part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjqEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContinentOfAsia</a>. Armenia is north of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj11JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Iran</a>, south of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv22k6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Georgia_TheNation</a>, southwest of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvfLfM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Azerbaijan</a>, and east of eastern <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViERpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Turkey</a>. This constant includes both the physical and political aspects of the nation of Armenia throughout time. Armenia The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a> of the Palestinian people [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYZfgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PalestinianPerson</a>]. The territory currently (2001) comprises that of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrvnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WestBank</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvocNGJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GazaStrip</a> portions of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrswZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Palestine_Modern</a>. These were occupied by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViP55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Israel</a> in 1967, having been previously part of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViFz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Jordan_TheNation</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViTg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Egypt</a>, respectively. Portions of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrvnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WestBank</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvocNGJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GazaStrip</a> are locally governed by the <font color="#ff0000">#$PalestineLiberationOrganization</font> by agreement with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViP55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Israel</a> (since 1997), although <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViP55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Israel</a> retains ultimate control. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvZGnY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PalestinianWestBankAndGaza</a>, with the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvsUFYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PalestinianNationalAuthority</a> as its government, is recognized as an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjk55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndependentCountry</a> by some sympathetic governments. PalestinianWestBankAndGaza the West Bank and Gaza Cyprus-TheCountry is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjk55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndependentCountry</a> that occupies the southern part of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTlV0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyprus_TheIsland</a>. Its de jure territory is the complete island, however <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViERpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Turkey</a> has occupied the northern part of the country and has set up a protectorate called the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYJw4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TurkishRepublicOfNorthernCyprus</a>. Cyprus Cyprus-TheCountry Egypt Egypt Egypt is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjk55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndependentCountry</a> in the northeast part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjtJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContinentOfAfrica</a>; Egypt is east of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViCzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Libya</a>, north of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViKUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sudan</a>, south of the eastern <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjs6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MediterraneanSea</a>, and west of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RedSea</a>. Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is a large <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjk55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndependentCountry</a> in the central part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjqEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContinentOfAsia</a>. Kazakhstan is north of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJf4cpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvdiyI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYz5eZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAIS1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Kyrgyzstan</a>, west of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVijQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">China_PeoplesRepublic</a>, and south of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViTwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Russia</a>. This constant includes both the physical and political aspects of the nation of Kazakhstan throughout time. Kazakhstan Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan is a medium-size <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjk55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndependentCountry</a> in the southern part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjqEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContinentOfAsia</a>. Afghanistan is east of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj11JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Iran</a>, northwest of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi2-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pakistan</a>, south of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJf4cpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYz5eZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tajikistan</a>, and it has a small eastern border with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVijQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">China_PeoplesRepublic</a>. This constant includes both the physical and political aspects of the nation of Afghanistan throughout time. Yemen (the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) is a small <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjk55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndependentCountry</a> in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjt7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArabianPeninsula</a>, south of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViGlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SaudiArabia</a>, west of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViG1ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Oman</a>, on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RedSea</a> and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>. Yemen possesses the island of Socotra off the horn of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViJzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Somalia</a>. This constant includes both the physical and political aspects of Yemen throughout time. Yemen Yemen A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeopoliticalEntity</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a> is a nation-state having its own territory, population, and government, whether or not it is fully independent. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Scotland</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, even though it is a part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViRhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland</a>. See also the important specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjk55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndependentCountry</a>. country Country A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> (q.v.). Moreover, each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a> is a collection that is temporally stuff-like (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>) but physically-spatially object-like (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>) -- i.e. object-like with respect to some physical-spatial part-whole predicate (e.g. some specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r8a2smPXcQdiEoJhcx65EiQ" class="cyc_term">properPhysicalDecompositions</a>). <p/> Consider the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>. Further, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is temporally stuff-like: any one of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a given copy <code><b>COPY</b></code> of (say) &quot;Moby Dick&quot; is still a copy of &quot;Moby Dick&quot;. (Most collections of tangible objects are temporally stuff-like in this way.) But <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is spatially <i>object-like</i>: if we take a scalpel and slice <code><b>COPY</b></code> into ten pieces, each piece is not a copy of &quot;Moby Dick&quot;. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. <p/> See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>. ExistingObjectType type of object country type by general region CountryTypeByGeneralRegion A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvprlOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FacetingCollectionType</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvubaMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConventionalClassificationType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rVvBTrJhkQdiCKs3GWTcWTg" class="cyc_term">CountryTypeByGeneralRegion</a> is a collection of countries that are conventionally considered to be part of the same general region. Instances include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rTAE0cHbHQdiWHuhd-UxV8g" class="cyc_term">LatinAmericanCountry</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvd8IHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WesternEuropeanCountry</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwHaS2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MiddleEasternCountry</a>. NonAbducibleCollection The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a> is a sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>. Abductive inferences sometimes involve hypothesizing the existence of entities as part of the explanation of some assertion or set of assertions. Cyc will not hypothesize the existence of instances of the collections that are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a>. Roughly, abductive inferences consume conceptual / theoretical knowledge rather than produce it. So, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a> because Cyc should be employing existing theoretical knowledge about instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> rather than hypothesizing new instances. non abducible collection MiddleEasternCountry Middle Eastern country The collection of countries in southwest Asia or, in the case of Egypt, northeast Africa, in the vicinity of the eastern Mediterranean or the Persian Gulf. Admittedly, a certain amount of arbitrariness is inevitable in specifying which countries are Middle Eastern; still, we've sought a serviceable delimitation based on geography and common usage. Specifically, the members of this collection are Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. MiddleEasternCountry Middle Eastern country The collection of countries in southwest Asia or, in the case of Egypt, northeast Africa, in the vicinity of the eastern Mediterranean or the Persian Gulf. Admittedly, a certain amount of arbitrariness is inevitable in specifying which countries are Middle Eastern; still, we've sought a serviceable delimitation based on geography and common usage. Specifically, the members of this collection are Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString MiddleEasternCountry Middle Eastern country The collection of countries in southwest Asia or, in the case of Egypt, northeast Africa, in the vicinity of the eastern Mediterranean or the Persian Gulf. Admittedly, a certain amount of arbitrariness is inevitable in specifying which countries are Middle Eastern; still, we've sought a serviceable delimitation based on geography and common usage. Specifically, the members of this collection are Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.