]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. marketing MarketingActivity A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViHpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialActivity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViMOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessEvent</a>. Instances of this collection include events such as market research, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr8FJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Advertising</a>, product design and pricing and of course, sales (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViP0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SalesActivity</a>). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing will have marketed have marketed will market marketed has marketed had marketed market markets The collection of communication events where the purpose of the communication is to promote some sales activity. marketing communicativeness MarketingCommunication ProductPlanning product planning The set of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwL1whZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MarketingActivity</a> events that occur as the first subEvent within a ProductPlanningAndDevelopment event. During <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv4SmoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProductPlanning</a>, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Product</a> is conceived and considered for development. Instances of this activity are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVipYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">performedBy</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjcMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MarketingPerson</a>s. MultiLevelMarketingActivity A kind of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwL1whZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MarketingActivity</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvms3dJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MultiLevelMarketingActivity</a> is part of a system in which a company recruits individuals to be independent representatives, who not only sell the product, but also recruit other independent representatives. The group of people recruited by one independent representative, together with all the people they recruited and so on ad infinitum, is that representative's 'downline' (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0yzLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MLMDownline</a>). A representative receives a commission not only for products he or she sells, but also for products sold by marketers in his or her <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0yzLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MLMDownline</a>, for up to about seven recruiting 'generations'. A negative example is a 'pyramid scheme', which is a fraudulent investment scheme, and has no product. multi-level marketing advertising Advertising A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance of this collection consists of some communication to potential clients of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a>, the desire of the organization that they be its clients. The organization may be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Business</a> wanting people to do business with it (cf. the more specific <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rnhffrDI1QdedN-j80qW_ZQ" class="cyc_term">Advertising_Business</a>). Or it may be, for example, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj82pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoliticalParty</a> (cf. the more specific <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvB4liDI1QdeUUpuXFCqRzg" class="cyc_term">Advertising_Political</a>). See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv_XKU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AdvertisingCampaign</a>. A collection of events. In an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWOKKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GivingSamples</a>, a business <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> (typically a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQwl6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SalesRepresentative</a> of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViS05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialOrganization</a>) gives samples of the business's product to a prospective or current customer, in order to increase the likelihood of future sales. GivingSamples giving samples The set of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwL1whZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MarketingActivity</a> events that fall in the stage of ProductPlanningAndDevelopment after the concept stage and before the TestMarketing stage. During <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMkhk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProductDevelopment</a>, a physical <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkFYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Product</a> or prototype is created. This is done prior to mass production in order to determine the technical and product feasability of the product. Instances of this activity are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVipYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">performedBy</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjcMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MarketingPerson</a>s and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqg0spwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TechnicalWorker</a>s. product development ProductDevelopment ProductPlanningAndDevelopment The set of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwL1whZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MarketingActivity</a> events in which a product is conceived of, designed, developed and test-marketed. Instances of this activity are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVipYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">performedBy</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjcMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MarketingPerson</a>s with help from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqg0spwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TechnicalWorker</a>s. product planning and development A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViPO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialOccurrence</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViMOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessEvent</a> is a purposeful activity that is closely associated with, and either helps or hinders, the business purpose of some agent. Examples include the development of General Motors' business plan for 2003, an individual sales call on a particular customer, printing the 2003 Yellow Pages directory for the Los Angeles area, selling a newspaper, and designing and manufacturing a new memory chip. <p/> Though there is a great deal of overlap between this collection and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViHpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialActivity</a>, they are not the same. Firstly, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViMOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessEvent</a> does not include any purely social or recreational events (whereas a weekend swap-meet, for example, would be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViHpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialActivity</a>). Secondly, not all activities carried out in pursuit of business interests involve buying or selling (consider head-hunting, for example). BusinessEvent business activity marketing MarketingActivity A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViHpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialActivity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViMOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessEvent</a>. Instances of this collection include events such as market research, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr8FJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Advertising</a>, product design and pricing and of course, sales (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViP0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SalesActivity</a>). marketing MarketingActivity A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViHpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialActivity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViMOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessEvent</a>. Instances of this collection include events such as market research, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr8FJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Advertising</a>, product design and pricing and of course, sales (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViP0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SalesActivity</a>). marketing MarketingActivity A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViHpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialActivity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViMOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessEvent</a>. Instances of this collection include events such as market research, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr8FJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Advertising</a>, product design and pricing and of course, sales (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViP0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SalesActivity</a>). attempt to perform influencing an agent (AttemptingFn InfluencingAnAgent) first-order collection An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rNooX_CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> is the collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (q.v.) Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. FirstOrderCollection Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString CommercialActivity A collection of events and a specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv7B1XJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EconomicAction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjdf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Transaction</a>. Instances of this collection include all types of buying, selling, offering to sell, offering to buy, marketing, paying for bought items, requesting bids, performing services for hire, advertising, etc. Its many specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvpz69ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LoanRepaying</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjXvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Renting</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvtt8wJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProductRecall</a>. <p/> Though there is a great deal of overlap between this collection and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViMOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessEvent</a>, they are not the same. Firstly, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViMOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessEvent</a> does not include any purely social or recreational events (whereas a weekend swap-meet, for example, would be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViHpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialActivity</a>). Secondly, not all activities carried out in pursuit of business interests fall under the definition of commercial activity above (consider head-hunting, for example). commercial activity marketing MarketingActivity A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViHpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialActivity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViMOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessEvent</a>. Instances of this collection include events such as market research, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr8FJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Advertising</a>, product design and pricing and of course, sales (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViP0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SalesActivity</a>). The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYbXiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueryAugmentationApplication</a> to resolve natural language ambiguities. QAClarifyingCollectionType QA clarifying collection type