]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. SpecifiedCheeseType This is a collection of types. Each type is a collection of instances of a particular variety (not brand) of cheese. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOD7mJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecifiedCheeseType</a> must have a name, such as "Brie", and be such that all instances are made in more or less the same way. type of cheese kind of cheese cheese type cheese types kinds of cheese types of cheese This the collection of all instances of Vasco Idiazabal, a Basque sheep's milk cheese. Vasco Idiazabal VascoIdiazabal-Cheese This is the collection of all instances of Appenzeller, a gruyere-like cheese from Switzerland. Appenzeller cheese Appenzeller-Cheese This is the collection of all instances of cheddar cheese. Cheddar is originally English. It is a firm aged cheese which becomes sharper as it ages. Though aged, it is not as hard as a grating cheese. Cheddar cheese Cheddar-Cheese Swiss-Cheese This the collection of all instances of Swiss cheese. This is a particular type of cheese, a mild cow's milk cheese best known for the largish holes throughout it. This collection is not the collection of all cheeses made in or originating in Switzerland. Swiss cheese RomanoGeneric-Cheese This the collection of all instances of Romano-type cheese. These are sharp, aged, cheeses made for grating. They are made from differnt sorts of milk. Romano cheese Camembert cheese Camembert-Cheese This the collection of all instances of Camembert, a French cheese with a white mold crust. Camembert becomes more gooey and flavorful as it ages. It is similar to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYxAYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Brie_Cheese</a>, the main difference being that it comes is smaller thicker wheels. Morbier-Cheese Morbier cheese This the collection of all instances of Morbier, a French cheese. It has a distinctive line of edible wood ash through the middle. Brie cheese This the collection of all instances of Brie, a French cheese with a white mold crust. Brie becomes more gooey and flavorful as it ages. It is similar to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV_jQJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Camembert_Cheese</a>, the main difference being that it comes is larger thinner wheels. Brie-Cheese CreamCheese cream cheese The collection of all cream cheese. A type of edible rich in fat, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjOAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheese</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r10bA8nS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Paste_Form</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQCWhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreamCheese</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOD7mJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecifiedCheeseType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQCWhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreamCheese</a> is a portion of creamy-soft mild white cheese. This the collection of all instances of Monterey Jack, an American cheese. Most varieties are melting cheeses, although there are also aged Monterey Jacks. Monterey Jack MontereyJack-Cheese Taleggio cheese This the collection of all instances of Taleggio, a creamy Italian cheese with a mold crust. Taleggio-Cheese This the collection of all instances of St. Andre, a French cheese. It is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwM8gu5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TripleCremeCheese</a> with a rich mellow flavor that deepens as it ages. Given that it is 75% butterfat, it is soft and buttery. StAndre-Cheese St. Andre cheese Raclette-Cheese Raclette cheese This the collection of all instances of Raclette, a Swiss melting cheese. This cheese is often called Bagnes. It is melted for a dish called Raclette. This the collection of all instances of Parmesan-type cheeses. These are aged cow's milk cheeses in the style of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwVCuSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ParmigianoReggiano_Cheese</a>. ParmesanGeneric-Cheese Parmesan cheese Pecorino-Cheese Pecorino cheese The collection of all Pecorino, a kind of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjOAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheese</a> made from sheep milk. This the collection of all instances of Provolone, a mild Italian melting cheese. Provolone cheese Provolone-Cheese This is the collection of all instances of Gouda, a firm Dutch cheese that comes encased in wax. Gouda-Cheese Gouda cheese Treccione cheese Treccione-Cheese This the collection of all instances of Treccione, a braided Mozzarella-like Italian cheese. This is the collection of all instances of Fontina, including <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvykuLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FontinaDAosta_Cheese</a> as well as the many poor imitations of it. Most generic versions of Fontina are rubbery and have little flavor. FontinaGeneric-Cheese Fontina cheese Gruyere cheese This is the collection of all instances of Gruyere. Gruyere is a firm yellow cheese, less mild than Swiss, originally from Switzerland. Gruyere-Cheese This is the collection of all instances of Castello Toscana. This is a semi-hard sheep's milk cheese made in Tuscany. CastelloToscana-Cheese Castello Toscana Champignon-Cheese Champignon cheese This is the collection of all instances of Champignon, which, generically, is any cheese containing mushrooms. A well-known version is a German double creme cheese containing Bavarian mushrooms. White Castello cheese This is the collection of all instances of White Castello. This is a white-mold-crusted Danish cheese shaped like a clover leaf with a hole in the middle. WhiteCastello-Cheese This the collection of all instances of Roquefort, a French sheep's milk cheese. It is one of the three great blue cheeses. Roquefort-Cheese Roquefort cheese Edam cheese This is the collection of all instances of Edam, a Dutch cheese similar to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwT44MZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Gouda_Cheese</a>. Edam-Cheese This is an aged richly flavored cow's milk cheese made in the Emilia-Romana region of Italy. Parmigiano-Reggiano ParmigianoReggiano-Cheese Gasperone-Cheese Gasperone cheese This is the collection of all instances of Gasperone, an Italian sheep's milk pecorino with black pepper. blue cheese BlueCheese This is the collection of all instances of blue cheese. A blue cheese is a soft cheese shot through with streaks of bluish or greenish-blue mold. Blue cheeses are generally very flavorful, and usually made with cow's milk, although the most famous blue cheese, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvoLLN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Roquefort_Cheese</a>, is made with sheep's milk. This is the collection of all instances of all types of mozzarella, including fresh mozzarella as well as the firmer sort familiar from pizzas. The most famous variety is Mozzarella di Bufalo, an Italian cheese made from water buffalo milk. (Italy is not particularly known for its water buffalo.) Mozzarella cheese Mozzarella-Cheese Pecorino Romano PecorinoRomano-Cheese This the collection of all instances of Romano, an Italian cheese. It is a sharp, aged, ewe's milk cheese made for grating. This is the collection of all instances of Blue Castello. This is a Danish triple creme blue cheese. Blue Castello cheese BlueCastello-Cheese Feta cheese This is the collection of all instances of Feta. The original Greek feta is a sheep's milk cheese that is kept in brine. Other sorts of feta may be made of cow's milk or goat's milk. All varieties are crumbly and salty. FetaCheese Stilton-Cheese stilton cheese This the collection of all instances of Stilton, an English cheese. It is one of the three great blue cheeses. This is the collection of all instances of Fontina d' Aosta, the original Fontina cheese made in the Valle d' Aosta in Italy. Unlike the many generic version of Fontina, it is soft, ripened, very flavorful, and smelly in somewhat they way Limburger is. FontinaDAosta-Cheese Fontina d'Aosta cheese The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection SpecifiedCheeseType This is a collection of types. Each type is a collection of instances of a particular variety (not brand) of cheese. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOD7mJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecifiedCheeseType</a> must have a name, such as "Brie", and be such that all instances are made in more or less the same way. type of cheese AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code>COL</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (ANECT) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code>COL</code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code> essentially (i.e. <code>INST</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code>COL</code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code>COL</code>. Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers)) This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not necessarily true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential tangible stuff type TangibleStuffCompositionType A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>. Instances are subcollections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> whose membership is based only on the physical and/or chemical composition of their instances. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViGSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TangibleStuffCompositionType</a> does not have as instances collections whose instances are determined _solely_ by the physical state they are in -- for that, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgDEAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TangibleStuffStateType</a>. However, many substances that chemically break down before melting (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjc_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FattyTissue</a>) _are_ included in this collection, even though they exist solely in one physical state. The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViGSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TangibleStuffCompositionType</a>, as instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a> are all pieces of substance with the chemical composition H20. On the other hand , the collection of all pieces of ice (i.e. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPzX0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SolidFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>)) is not a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViGSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TangibleStuffCompositionType</a>, because membership in that collection depends on the substance's composition _and_ on its physical state. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TalcumPowder</a> is not an instance of this collection because a fused mass of the substance would no longer be powder, but would still be of the same <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViGSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TangibleStuffCompositionType</a>. Further instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViGSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TangibleStuffCompositionType</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi30pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Nylon</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjxdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GasolineFuel</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjc_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FattyTissue</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj8apwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Nitrogen</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViG-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Glass</a>. An important specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a> -- those substance types defined solely by their chemical formulae. type of food DefaultDisjointEdibleStuffType An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a> (q.v.), and thus a collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi9A5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DefaultDisjointEdibleStuffType</a> is a collection of beverages or foodstuffs (a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkI75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EdibleStuff</a>) that is by default disjoint with every other instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi9A5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DefaultDisjointEdibleStuffType</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi9A5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DefaultDisjointEdibleStuffType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r7Wnl6HM-EdaAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">SubmarineSandwich</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQCgLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rice_Foodstuff</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvYhVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sauerkraut</a>. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString kind of artifact not distinguished by brand or model An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwO3H5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtifactType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rejmDbrF_QdeIENT1qpbYzQ" class="cyc_term">ArtifactTypeByGenericCategory</a> is a collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkH_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact</a>s grouped together according to some feature(s) other than brand or model. ArtifactTypeByGenericCategory SpecifiedCheeseType This is a collection of types. Each type is a collection of instances of a particular variety (not brand) of cheese. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwOD7mJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecifiedCheeseType</a> must have a name, such as "Brie", and be such that all instances are made in more or less the same way. type of cheese