]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPerson</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a> is a person who holds the office of President of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>. United States president UnitedStatesPresident http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States presidents of the US presidents of the United States president of the US United States chief executives United States chief executive president of America US president United States presidents presidents of the United States of America US presidents presidents of America ex-presidents president of the United States of America U.S. president U.S. presidents president of the United States ex-president The 18th president of the US Ulysses Grant UlyssesGrant Warren Harding WarrenHarding The 37th president of the US Richard Nixon RichardNixon JimmyCarter Jimmy Carter The 39th president of the US WilliamHenryHarrison William Harrison JamesAGarfield James Garfield TheodoreRoosevelt Teddy Roosevelt The 26th president of the US WilliamMcKinley William McKinley John F. Kennedy The 35th president of the US JohnKennedy JamesMadison James Madison FranklinPierce Franklin Pierce James Polk JamesPolk Martin Van Buren MartinVanBuren John Adams JohnAdams The 2nd president of the US. The 7th president of the US Andrew Jackson AndrewJackson The 32nd president of the US FranklinRoosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt The 36th president of the US LyndonJohnson Lyndon B. Johnson MillardFillmore Millard Fillmore Ronald Reagan The 40th president of the US RonaldReagan An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a>. 19th President of the United States; his administration removed federal troops from the South and so ended the Reconstruction Period (1822-1893). Rutherford B. Hayes RutherfordBHayes George W. Bush GeorgeWBush An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a>. 43rd President of the United States; son of George Herbert Walker Bush (born in 1946). JamesBuchanan James Buchanan JohnQAdams The 6th president of the US John Quincy Adams Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), born in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi0u5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Kentucky_State</a>, practiced law in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjDD5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CityOfSpringfieldIL</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitlJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Illinois_State</a>) and held several public offices there. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBiTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbrahamLincoln</a> was elected the 16th president of the United States and he was the Union's leader during the #$UnitedStatesCivilWar. He was assassinated by the actor <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQCgL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JohnWilkesBooth</a>. Abe Lincoln AbrahamLincoln JohnTyler John Tyler The 33rd president of the US HarryTruman Harry S Truman Thomas Jefferson ThomasJefferson The 3rd president of the US JamesMonroe James Monroe DwightDEisenhower The 34th president of the US Dwight Eisenhower Bill Clinton BillClinton The 42nd president of the US GeorgeHWBush The 41st president of the US. George Bush CalvinCoolidge Calvin Coolidge Woodrow Wilson The 28th president of the US WoodrowWilson GeorgeWashington The 1st president of the US. George Washington Chester Arthur ChesterAlanArthur Gerald Ford GeraldFord The 38th president of the US ZacharyTaylor Zachary Taylor BenjaminHarrison An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a>. 23rd President of the United States (1833-1901). Benjamin Harrison AndrewJohnson Andrew Johnson HerbertHoover Herbert Hoover WilliamHowardTaft William Taft GroverCleveland Grover Cleveland UnitedStatesPerson An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViWHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByNationality</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPerson</a> is a person who is currently among that country's citizens (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViACJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">citizens</a>), or is a participant in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r4VbZRgIxQdeJv7K4QRyNQg" class="cyc_term">NationalCulture</a> of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvjD0_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesCulture</a>). American A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPerson</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a> is a person who holds the office of President of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>. United States president UnitedStatesPresident HeadOfGovernment An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjntpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Politician</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> is a person who holds a political position as the head of the government of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. See the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwPub4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">sharedNotes</a> #$GovernmentLeaderNote for an explanation of the distinction between <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> (q.v.). head of government <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. BT broaderTerm political figure Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvqQNLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Celebrity_Political</a> are people (actually, subabstractions of people) who are well-known due to their involvement, however tangential, in politics. Celebrity-Political A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPerson</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a> is a person who holds the office of President of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>. United States president UnitedStatesPresident NonAbducibleCollection The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a> is a sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>. Abductive inferences sometimes involve hypothesizing the existence of entities as part of the explanation of some assertion or set of assertions. Cyc will not hypothesize the existence of instances of the collections that are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a>. Roughly, abductive inferences consume conceptual / theoretical knowledge rather than produce it. So, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roVp5xVzKEdiLrQAH6RYvVA" class="cyc_term">NonAbducibleCollection</a> because Cyc should be employing existing theoretical knowledge about instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> rather than hypothesizing new instances. non abducible collection A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPerson</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a> is a person who holds the office of President of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>. United States president UnitedStatesPresident A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> is a collection of workers (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a>) and is defined in terms of the kind of work done. The various instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> correspond to jobs of all kinds, and not just to those colloquially called "professions". Examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjONJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgrammerProfessional</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FoodServiceEmployee</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQwxbpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MedicalCareProfessional</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQwl6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SalesRepresentative</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjilJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Brewer</a>, and many others. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a>. type of profession PersonTypeByOccupation A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPerson</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a> is a person who holds the office of President of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>. United States president UnitedStatesPresident A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPerson</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a> is a person who holds the office of President of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>. United States president UnitedStatesPresident A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. UnitedStates-Geography-Topic united states geography topic elected head of state The collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> who are heads of state as the result of a free and fair election. HeadOfState-Elected Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString USFederalEmployee A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-LcB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NationalGovernmentEmployee</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">USFederalEmployee</a> is a worker who is employed directly by the United States federal government. federal employee A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national president Executive-PublicOfficial A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQryspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicOfficial</a>. Each instance is a persons who administers the law. executive United States citizen (CitizenFn UnitedStatesOfAmerica) A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj1zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPerson</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a> is a person who holds the office of President of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>. United States president UnitedStatesPresident