]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. TherapeuticClassType therapeutic class type Instances are classes of drugs grouped by mode of action and diseases they are commonly used to treat. A drug that relieves congestion (as of mucous membranes) Decongestant decongestant antiemetic AntiEmetic Drugs which prevent or reduce nausea and vomitting. Statin statin BetaBlocker beta blocker A drug substance that interfers with the transmission of sympathetic nervous inhibiting stimuli at the adrenergic beta receptors . Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr9MJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BetaBlocker</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMoT0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CardiovascularAgent</a>. antihistamine Antihistamine Drugs which are used to alleviate the symptoms associated with allergies. DTP-Vaccine DTP vaccine The collection of all DTP vaccines. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv02BlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VaccineForHumans</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjon5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mixture</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rt2wNELYREdeT8QACs6hPlA" class="cyc_term">DTP_Vaccine</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. LipidLoweringDrug lipid lowering drug positively inotropic agent PositivelyInotropicAgent A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rMBg0NKgPEdudWQACs5b6Bw" class="cyc_term">Inotrope</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rV-xa6LMGEduAAAAOpmP6tw" class="cyc_term">PositivelyInotropicAgent</a> is a drug product that increases the strength of muscular contraction. cardiovascular agent Drugs commonly used to treat diseases and conditions of the circulatory system. CardiovascularAgent Antihypertensive-Drug anti-hypertensive drug Drugs which are used to reduce high blood pressure. The collection of all immunosuppressants. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugProduct</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvwzOP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Immunosuppressive</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. immunosuppressant Immunosuppressive anti-inflammatory Drugs which reduce inflammation. AntiInflammatory AntineoplasticAgent antineoplastic agent Class of drug products that inhibit or prevent the growth and reproduction of malignant cells. Androgen Class of steroids that includes the anabolic steroids. androgenic hormone anticonvulsant medication Anticonvulsant Drugs that reduce or prevent convulsions. Expectorant Drugs which are used to help a patient bring up phlegm, by increasing the amount of mucus produced. expectorant Vitamin The vitamin itself not necessarily in the form of a pill - could be a constituent of a pill or of food. vitamin xanthine bronchodilator XanthineBronchodilators Antiseptic Drug product which is intended to kill germs. Nearly always used topically. antiseptic corticosteroid The collection of all corticosteroids. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Steroid</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr9PZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Corticosteroid</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rRn1i8PJ9QdaWb5oTir-gPg" class="cyc_term">PolyCompoundChemicalType</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. Corticosteroid daptomycin Daptomycin A type of anitbiotic. Stimulant Consumable substances that stimulate the fight-or-flight syndrome and speed the metabolism. stimulant imipedenem-cilastin Imipedenem-Cilastin A type of anitbiotic. AntiCholesterolDrug The collection of all anti-cholesterol drugs. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8FjPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugSubstance</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvf-bUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ManufacturedGoods</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwVeAYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AntiCholesterolDrug</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. anti-cholesterol drug A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugProduct</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvV3NUpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Anticoagulant</a> is a portion of a drug that, when taken in a recommended dosage, can prevent or reduce the clotting of blood. anticoagulant Anticoagulant InsulinTheSecretion A protein pancreatic hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, and is used in the treatment and control of diabetes. insulin dermatological drug DermatologicalDrugProduct Drug products intended to be used on the skin. Drugs which relieve diarrhea. AntiDiarrheal anti-diarrheal drug SulfaDrug AKA Sulfonamide. A group of antibacterial drugs whose action is a result of their interference with enzyme systems necessary for normal growth and reproduction. sulfa drug Steroid The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi9AZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hormone</a>s having a characteristic ring structure and formed in the body from cholesterol. It includes both corticosteroid <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVi9AZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hormone</a>s produced by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvXYiz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AdrenalGland</a>s and reproductive hormones such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1Z5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Testosterone</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1ZFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Estrogen</a>. steroid Oxytocic Class of drug products that stimulate uterine contractions. oxytocic Antidepressant Drugs which treat psychic depression. anti depressant anti diabetic drug Class of drugs normally used to combat diabetes. AntiDiabeticDrug antiplatelet drug Antiplatelet Antiviral Drugs which are used to prevent or fight infections caused by viruses. anti-viral drug CoughSuppressant cough medicine Drugs which are used to reduce coughing. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIuTDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalciumChannelBlocker</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwMoT0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CardiovascularAgent</a> that inhibits the flow of calcium into the heart and smooth muscle cells. calcium channel blocker CalciumChannelBlocker A well-known family of drugs used to combat bacteria. penicillin Penicillin Vasodilator vasodilator A substance which causes the blood vessels of someone taking it to dilate. AntiHeadacheAgent Don't get this confused with <font color="#ff0000">#$AntiMigraineAgent</font>, as migraine drugs aren't usually used to treat normal headaches, and vice versa. anti-headache agent NegativelyInotropicAgent negatively inotropic agent A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rMBg0NKgPEdudWQACs5b6Bw" class="cyc_term">Inotrope</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rV-xa6LMGEduAAAAOpmP6tw" class="cyc_term">PositivelyInotropicAgent</a> is a drug product that increases the strength of muscular contraction. The collection of all topical corticosteroids. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP31hZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AntiPruritic</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjl9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Steroid</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1YIpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AntiInflammatory</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TopicalCorticosteroid</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. TopicalCorticosteroid topical corticosteroid Antiarthritic antiarthritic A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8FjPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugSubstance</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvf-bUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ManufacturedGoods</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv7FRZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Antiarthritic</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. Anorectic anorectic Drugs which suppress the appetite. Abortifacient Class of substances that can be used to end pregnancy. abortifacient local anaesthetic Drugs which numb the body to pain and other sensation, but only in the area of the body where they are administered. LocalAnesthetic vaginal antifungal medication The collection of all vaginal antifungal medications. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1KH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Antifungal</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLoXrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VaginalAntifungal</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rRn1i8PJ9QdaWb5oTir-gPg" class="cyc_term">PolyCompoundChemicalType</a>, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1OWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PharmaceuticalType</a>, and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. VaginalAntifungal BirthControlDrug Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv22rYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BirthControlDrug</a> is some piece of a substance which can be used to regulate female fertility and prevent ovulation. contraceptive drug The collection of all anxiolytics. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8FjPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugSubstance</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvf-bUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ManufacturedGoods</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP34cpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Anxiolytic</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. anxiolytic Anxiolytic Drug products intended to be used in the eyes. OphthalmicDrugProduct ophthalmic drug multivitamin MultiVitamin Drugs which are are mixtures of vitamins. The collection of all vasoconstrictors. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugProduct</a>. The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP394ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Vasoconstrictor</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP301pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugModeOfActionType</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. vasoconstrictor Vasoconstrictor The collection of all gastrointestinal agents. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8FjPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugSubstance</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvf-bUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ManufacturedGoods</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwAjxe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GastrointestinalAgent</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. gastrointestinal agent GastrointestinalAgent UlcerMedication Drugs which are used to treat stomach ulcers and related conditions. ulcer medication GeneralAnesthetic general anaesthetic Drugs which eliminate pain or other sensation everywhere on the body, usually by making the patient unconscious. sedative Drugs which are used to treat anxiety and insomnia. In higher doses, these are often used as sleeping pills. Sedative otic drug Drug products intended to be used in the ears. OticDrugProduct Inotrope A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugProduct</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rMBg0NKgPEdudWQACs5b6Bw" class="cyc_term">Inotrope</a> is a drug that increases or decreases the force of muscular contractions. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rWEKXoLMGEduAAAAOpmP6tw" class="cyc_term">NegativelyInotropicAgent</a>s weaken the force of muscular contractions, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rV-xa6LMGEduAAAAOpmP6tw" class="cyc_term">PositivelyInotropicAgent</a>s increase the strength of muscular contraction. inotrope Diuretic Drugs which promote the loss of water and salt from the body. They typically lower blood pressure, too. diuretic Antiasthmatic anti-asthmatic drug Drugs which are used to reduce the symptoms of asthma. Class of broad-spectrum antibiotic which includes tetracycline. tetracycline antibiotic TetracyclineAntibiotic Drugs which are used to calm patients with psychoses. Milder versions are also used as anti-depressants. antianxiety agent Tranquilizer The collection of all narcotics. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjr8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Analgesic</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVqh5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NarcoticDrug</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. narcotic NarcoticDrug StomachSecretionInhibitor stomach secretion inhibitor The collection of all stomach secretion inhibitors. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8FjPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugSubstance</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvf-bUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ManufacturedGoods</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhWpQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StomachSecretionInhibitor</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. The strongest kind of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Antibiotic</a>s, capable of killing bacteria, used in most severe <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQww85wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BacterialInfection</a>s. This kind of drug is also used when the host's <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWNkm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ImmuneSystem</a> is impaired. BactericidalAntibiotic bactericidal antibiotic pediatric antibiotic PediatricAntibiotic The collection of all pediatric antibiotics. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Antibiotic</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv-1JH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PediatricAntibiotic</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1OWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PharmaceuticalType</a>. Antibiotic antibiotic drug drug substances with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, or anti-parasitical activity Elements are drug formulations which include both an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv9zJ-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ACEInhibitor</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1X2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Diuretic</a>. ACEInhibitorWithDiuretic ACE inhibitor with diuretic A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>. Instances are such that, if consumed, will relieve constipation. Laxative cathartic anti-psychotic drug AntiPsychotic The collection of all anti-psychotic drugs. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8FjPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugSubstance</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvf-bUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ManufacturedGoods</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvbSgDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AntiPsychotic</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. depressant Drugs which diminish a body's ability to perform its functions or activities. Depressant antipyretic Antipyretic Drugs which reduce fever. Antifungal anti-fungal drug Drugs which are used to prevent or fight infections caused by fungi. Drugs which reduce flatulence. anti-flatulent drug AntiFlatulent Substances whihch cause the bronchia to open wider - frequently given to asthma sufferers. Bronchodilator bronchodilator anaesthetic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjFtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Anesthetic</a> drugs deaden feeling. If they are general anesthetics, they may make the recipient unconscious. Anesthetic pain pill Drugs which are used to reduce or relieve pain. Analgesic AntimalarialDrug Drugs used to cure or ameliorate malaria. antimalarial drug Drugs which relieve the discomfort of an overly acidic stomach. antacid Antacid MMR vaccine MMR-Vaccine anti anginal Drugs that combat angina -- severe pain in the area of the heart, caused by relative lack of oyxgen supply to those tissues. AntiAnginal amikacin A type of anitbiotic. Amikacin AntidiureticAgent antidiuretic agent Class of drug products that inhibit production of urine in the kidneys. A preparation of killed microorganisms, living attenuated organisms, or living fully virulent organisms that is administered to produce immunity to a particular disease. vaccine Vaccine gastrointestinal mucosa protective agent GastrointestinalMucosaProtectiveAgent digitalis Digitalis ACEInhibitor Elements are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv9zJ-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ACEInhibitor</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1XR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Antihypertensive_Drug</a> that reduces the enzymatic conversion of Angiotension I to Angiotension II. ACE inhibitor MacrolideAntibiotic Class of antibiotics which include erythromycin. macrolide antibiotic cephalosporin Cephalosporin A widely-used type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Antibiotic</a>. Doctors use cephalosporins to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory system, urinary, bloodstream, and skin infections. Cephalosporins are also usefule for preventing infections following surgical procedures. Cephalosporins are chemically similar to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVivu5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Penicillin</a>s, but cephalosporins fight more kinds of bacteria than penicillins. The most common kind of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVikl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Antibiotic</a>s, merely preventing bacterial multiplication, the body, the host's <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWNkm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ImmuneSystem</a>, is left in charge of elimination of bacteria. BacteriostaticAntibiotic bacteriostatic antibiotic A class of sex hormones predominating in females, which are used to regulate the periods of fertility. These hormones are also administered to women after menopause to prevent osteoporosis and coronary problems. estrogen Estrogen AntiPruritic Drugs which reduce itching. anti-pruritic drug Elements are drug formulations which include both a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQr9MJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BetaBlocker</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1X2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Diuretic</a>. BetaBlockerWithDiuretic beta blocker with diuretic barbiturate An addictive family of drugs which are used as sedatives, hypnotics, and anti-spasmodics. Barbiturate Alzheimer's drug AlzheimersDrug BPHDrug bph drug The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8FjPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugSubstance</a>s designed to counteract benign prostatic hperplasia (BPH). One such drug is the alpha-blocker, terazosin. The collection of all acne medications. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugProduct</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP3osJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcneMedication</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. acne medication AcneMedication antifibrinolytic agent AntifibrinolyticAgent Class of drug products that inhibit or prevent the breakdown of blood clots. cardiotonic agent Class of drugs that increase muscular tone of the heart. CardiotonicAgent ZithromaxDrugClass Zithromax The collection of all Zithromax. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8FjPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugSubstance</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvf-bUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ManufacturedGoods</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwSGdaZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ZithromaxDrugClass</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. MuscleRelaxant muscle relaxant The collection of all muscle relaxants. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv8FjPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugSubstance</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvf-bUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ManufacturedGoods</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP34cJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MuscleRelaxant</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQrff5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TherapeuticClassType</a>. The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHUFI8h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection The collection of types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViu95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DrugProduct</a>s that may be specified as to their brand or generic name (which indicates what type or types of compounds are contained in their instances), in which case they would be instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwK59SZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PharmacyProductType_NameOnly</a>, but are not specified as to dosage form, administration route, strength or packaging. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1fOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ZoloftProduct</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWUZl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Antidepressant</a> are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWDiHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PharmacyProductType_Level0</a>, but 'Zoloft tablets' would not be. pharmacy product type level 0 PharmacyProductType-Level0 AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code><b>COL</b></code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (<i>ANECT</i>) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code><b>COL</b></code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code><b>INST</b></code> of <code><b>COL</b></code> is an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> essentially (i.e. <code><b>INST</b></code> is an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code><b>COL</b></code>. <p/> Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: <p/> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> <i>TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers</i>)) <p/> This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not <i>necessarily</i> true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. <p/> When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. <p/> Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential TherapeuticClassType therapeutic class type Instances are classes of drugs grouped by mode of action and diseases they are commonly used to treat. TherapeuticClassType therapeutic class type Instances are classes of drugs grouped by mode of action and diseases they are commonly used to treat. Medical-Topic medical-topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>.