]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. level of change LevelOfChange A collection of attributes. Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwThSbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LevelOfChange</a> expresses a direction of quantity change: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgZlxlOOVQdeQW6qus3a2cA" class="cyc_term">PositiveChange</a> for increases, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTnOLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NegativeChange</a> for decreases, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rf46jPuOUQdeBKPA5t_RLrw" class="cyc_term">NoChange</a> for no change. It is used to describe changes in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantitySlot</a> values, and to describe the direction of dependencies between <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantitySlot</a>s. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5DRT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">changesQuantityInDirection</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvsrq2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">dependsOn_Pairwise</a>. levels of change No Change An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwThSbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LevelOfChange</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rf46jPuOUQdeBKPA5t_RLrw" class="cyc_term">NoChange</a> is the quantity of change that corresponds to no change at all. NoChange NegativeChange decrease <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTnOLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NegativeChange</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwThSbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LevelOfChange</a> that denotes either (i) a negative change (i.e., a decrease) in the second argument of a binary predicate that takes a quantity as its second argument (&quot;quantity slot&quot;), or (ii) a negative dependency between the second argument values of two such binary predicates (i.e., independent increase =&gt; dependent decrease, and independent decrease =&gt; dependent increase). PositiveChange Positive Change An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwThSbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LevelOfChange</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgZlxlOOVQdeQW6qus3a2cA" class="cyc_term">PositiveChange</a> is the quantity of change that corresponds to any change in the positive direction from very little to very much. Growing A generic attribute that applies to an entity which is increasing in size along some underspecified dimension (e.g. volume, length, etc.). growing Increase increase A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkJUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointAttributeType</a> is a collection of quantities. If COL is such a collection, then nothing can have two instances of COL as quantities unless those two instances are related in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvhjmk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">quantitySubsumes</a> relationship to each other. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a>. type of sibling disjoint attribute SiblingDisjointAttributeType level of change LevelOfChange A collection of attributes. Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwThSbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LevelOfChange</a> expresses a direction of quantity change: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgZlxlOOVQdeQW6qus3a2cA" class="cyc_term">PositiveChange</a> for increases, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTnOLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NegativeChange</a> for decreases, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rf46jPuOUQdeBKPA5t_RLrw" class="cyc_term">NoChange</a> for no change. It is used to describe changes in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantitySlot</a> values, and to describe the direction of dependencies between <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantitySlot</a>s. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5DRT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">changesQuantityInDirection</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvsrq2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">dependsOn_Pairwise</a>. AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code><b>COL</b></code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (<i>ANECT</i>) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code><b>COL</b></code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code><b>INST</b></code> of <code><b>COL</b></code> is an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> essentially (i.e. <code><b>INST</b></code> is an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code><b>COL</b></code>. <p/> Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: <p/> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> <i>TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers</i>)) <p/> This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not <i>necessarily</i> true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. <p/> When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. <p/> Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential level of change LevelOfChange A collection of attributes. Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwThSbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LevelOfChange</a> expresses a direction of quantity change: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rgZlxlOOVQdeQW6qus3a2cA" class="cyc_term">PositiveChange</a> for increases, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwTnOLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NegativeChange</a> for decreases, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rf46jPuOUQdeBKPA5t_RLrw" class="cyc_term">NoChange</a> for no change. It is used to describe changes in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantitySlot</a> values, and to describe the direction of dependencies between <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantitySlot</a>s. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv5DRT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">changesQuantityInDirection</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvsrq2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">dependsOn_Pairwise</a>. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString ScalarQuantity A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rSGNLQK45EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">Quantity</a> (qq.v.) that includes all scalars other than those that are purely numeric (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rnVZQSiCmEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">NumericInterval</a>). This is the collection of scalar <i>quantities</i>: at most partly numeric abstract individuals used as measurements or ratings of things. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rLxknOmVZQdeQUJLqO_1Uzg" class="cyc_term">ScalarQuantity</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Distance</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVicfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Temperature</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjciZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Acceleration</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgEOkJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Toxicity</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViVfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Loyalty</a> (all of which save the last are in fact specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> (q.v.) as well). <p/> Another broad specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rLxknOmVZQdeQUJLqO_1Uzg" class="cyc_term">ScalarQuantity</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rr-2NGp7sQdidoL5VyxYMGg" class="cyc_term">MeasurableQuantity</a> (q.v.), which includes any quantity that could actually be used to <i>measure</i> something, as opposed to merely ranking it on a scale. Any quantity that is (or in principle could be) returned by a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a> (q.v.) function is a measurable quantity. In CycL, particular measurable quantities are usually represented as the result of applying a unit-of-measure function to a real number or pair of reals. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjRp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Meter</a> 5) is the distance 5 meters. <p/> For predicates that relate things to quantities that characterize them, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantitySlot</a>. scalar quantity TotallyOrderedQuantityType linear order attribute type A collection of collections and a specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r91ZApkTvEdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">TotallyOrderedScalarIntervalType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkDZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantityType</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwF4t15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TotallyOrderedQuantityType</a> is a totally-ordered collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rSGNLQK45EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">Quantity</a>[ies], and thus an appropriate argument for a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvyorqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GenericValueFunction</a> (q.v.), such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgDDa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LowAmountFn</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpAl6tPLFQdeYfK2wZfrvag" class="cyc_term">MediumToHighAmountFn</a>. <p/> Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwF4t15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TotallyOrderedQuantityType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgEOkJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Toxicity</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rv0H0z5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DiplomaticSupport</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvi2nP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LevelOfDifficulty</a>. Specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimitiveOrderedQuantityType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rlsKf-MukQdiEYr6WbI2G4Q" class="cyc_term">MeasurableQuantityType</a>.