]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. graphic A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Instances of this collection are approximately 2-dimensional spatial objects that are the sources (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_8EsfGEIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">imageSource</a>) of still images (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1_opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImage</a>). This collection includes many specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFG3m5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TwoDimensionalArtObject</a>, such as paintings (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Painting_ArtForm</a>), as well as spatial regions where a still visual image is displayed (such as the area on a wall where an image might be projected). Counter-examples include high-relief objects (sculptures), motion pictures, and text, though many graphics can include bits of text (and vice versa). Graphic-VisualIBT http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics graphics painting The collection of paintings as representational art forms. Paintings are tangible <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>s, consisting of pigment applied to some surface (usually flat, often rectangular and sheetlike) Painting-ArtForm Infographic information graphic A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ryB9y9GEPEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">Graphic_VisualIBT</a>. Instances are still-image sources (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_8EsfGEIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">imageSource</a>), such as charts and graphs, that serve to display data in a way that makes it easy for the target audience to digest. StainedGlassWorks as representational art forms stained glass StainedGlassWorkAsArtForm The collection of all photographs, which are images created by exposing light-sensitive surfaces to light. A type of hardcopy of image sources, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjPV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DurableGood</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkGbpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SheetOfSomeStuff</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4ryB9y9GEPEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">Graphic_VisualIBT</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjZ7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Photograph</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a>. Photograph photograph DigitalArtObject The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>s whose primary media (the media in which they were created) is digital. That is, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwO-rVZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DigitalArtObject</a>s are created 'on screen' using computer technology rather than in more traditional media such as paint, paper, stone, or plaster. digital art The collection of all drawings. Instances of drawing are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1_opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImage</a>s which contain significant lines. Some occur on paper and may be made with pencil, ink (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvgC8X5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PenOrPencilDrawing</a>), etc.. Some occur on computers and are presented via a computer monitor. Some are artistic (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>) and some are not. Thus, a painting composed entirely of lines would be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQw3a5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Drawing_Depiction</a>. A drawing produced by a drawing program which was saved in a computer file and was viewable on a computer monitor would also be an example. A painted image composed entirely of paint splotches would probably be a negative example of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQw3a5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Drawing_Depiction</a>. Such an image with a tiny line in the corner would also probably be a negative example of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwQw3a5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Drawing_Depiction</a> since the tiny line would not be a ``significant'' line or a focal object in the image. An image ``drawn'' with paint using a paintbrush is currently (Nov 98) considered an agnostic example. Drawing-Depiction drawing engraving Engraving The collection of all engraved regions (the physical space where the engraving is located) of tangible objects The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>s that are reproductions of original works of art (as a painting) made by a photomechanical process. print PrintReproduction graphic A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Instances of this collection are approximately 2-dimensional spatial objects that are the sources (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_8EsfGEIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">imageSource</a>) of still images (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1_opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImage</a>). This collection includes many specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFG3m5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TwoDimensionalArtObject</a>, such as paintings (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Painting_ArtForm</a>), as well as spatial regions where a still visual image is displayed (such as the area on a wall where an image might be projected). Counter-examples include high-relief objects (sculptures), motion pictures, and text, though many graphics can include bits of text (and vice versa). Graphic-VisualIBT graphic A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Instances of this collection are approximately 2-dimensional spatial objects that are the sources (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_8EsfGEIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">imageSource</a>) of still images (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1_opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImage</a>). This collection includes many specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFG3m5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TwoDimensionalArtObject</a>, such as paintings (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Painting_ArtForm</a>), as well as spatial regions where a still visual image is displayed (such as the area on a wall where an image might be projected). Counter-examples include high-relief objects (sculptures), motion pictures, and text, though many graphics can include bits of text (and vice versa). Graphic-VisualIBT <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rZOAVeiYGEdqAAAACs2IMmw" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. BT broaderTerm ArtifactTypeByFunction artifact type by function A collection of collections; a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rejmDbrF_QdeIENT1qpbYzQ" class="cyc_term">ArtifactTypeByGenericCategory</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roOCJgqgyQdePhq6ip3adDw" class="cyc_term">ArtifactTypeByFunction</a> are mutually unique with respect to the full set of the primary intended uses of their instances. Examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkKypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DessertFood</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjfFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sofa_PieceOfFurniture</a>. Counter-examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwKTkJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FountainPen</a> (which has the same primary function as its genls, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViISpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingPen</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjQHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FurniturePiece</a> (specs of which have different primary uses). There may be cases where two instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roOCJgqgyQdePhq6ip3adDw" class="cyc_term">ArtifactTypeByFunction</a> (PROD1 and PROD2) are related by (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> PROD1 PROD2); but this will only happen in cases where instances of PROD1 have some additional primary function(s) to those of PROD2. For example, the collections <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjfFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sofa_PieceOfFurniture</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjGZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SofaBed</a> are both instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4roOCJgqgyQdePhq6ip3adDw" class="cyc_term">ArtifactTypeByFunction</a>, and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjGZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SofaBed</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjfFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sofa_PieceOfFurniture</a>) is true. LeftAndRightSidedObject left and right sided object A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrnUJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LeftAndRightSidedObject</a> is an object with an intrinsic left side and an intrinsic right side. By 'intrinsic' we mean simply that there exists an established convention according to which one side is considered 'Left' and the other side is considered 'Right'. Usually, the two sides can be reliably distinguished from one another. Notice that a conventionally distinguishable left and right do not necessarily imply a bottom and top, or a front and back. Interestingly, it has proved impossible so far to find instances of objects with a left and right but no top, bottom, front or back. It is unclear why this should be so, but it apparently pertains to human psychology in reasoning about directions. However, if an object has a conventionally distinguished top, bottom, front, and back, then these suffice to determine an intrinsic left and an intrinsic right. Notice also--and this is crucial to the whole conception--that while a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvrnUJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LeftAndRightSidedObject</a> may well have a preferred orientation, changing this orientation does not change what counts as 'left' and what counts as 'right': if you turn me upside down my left side does not become my right side and my right side my left. If an entity does not obey this rule then it does not, generally speaking, count as having a distinguishable left and right--example: a houseplant. candidate KB completeness node CandidateKBCompletenessNode StillImageSource image source Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString graphic A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Instances of this collection are approximately 2-dimensional spatial objects that are the sources (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_8EsfGEIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">imageSource</a>) of still images (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1_opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImage</a>). This collection includes many specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFG3m5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TwoDimensionalArtObject</a>, such as paintings (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Painting_ArtForm</a>), as well as spatial regions where a still visual image is displayed (such as the area on a wall where an image might be projected). Counter-examples include high-relief objects (sculptures), motion pictures, and text, though many graphics can include bits of text (and vice versa). Graphic-VisualIBT A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmLypJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TopAndBottomSidedObject</a> is an object with an intrinsic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjEpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TopSide</a> and an intrinsic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjWc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BottomSide</a>. By 'intrinsic' we mean simply that there exists an established convention according to which one side is considered 'top' and the other side is considered 'bottom'. Usually the two sides in question can be reliably distinguished from one another. For example, by convention, the 'top' of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViZ9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Table_PieceOfFurniture</a> is the side on which other objects usually rest, while the 'bottom' is the side which usually touches the floor. Notice that a conventionally distinguishable bottom and top do not necessarily imply a left and right, or a front and back. A plant is a good example of the case where they do not: top and bottom can be reliably distinguished but not, ordinarily, front and back or left and right. Notice also--and this is crucial to the whole conception--that while a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvmLypJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TopAndBottomSidedObject</a> may well have a preferred orientation, changing this orientation does not change what counts as 'top' and what counts as 'bottom': if a car flips over on the highway its top is now facing the pavement and its bottom--the undercarriage--is now up in the air. If an entity does not obey this rule then it does not, generally speaking, count as having a distinguishable top and bottom--example: an hourglass or a book. (see also #$NoteAboutSidedObject) top and bottom sided object TopAndBottomSidedObject graphic A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Instances of this collection are approximately 2-dimensional spatial objects that are the sources (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_8EsfGEIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">imageSource</a>) of still images (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1_opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImage</a>). This collection includes many specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwFG3m5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TwoDimensionalArtObject</a>, such as paintings (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjHfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Painting_ArtForm</a>), as well as spatial regions where a still visual image is displayed (such as the area on a wall where an image might be projected). Counter-examples include high-relief objects (sculptures), motion pictures, and text, though many graphics can include bits of text (and vice versa). Graphic-VisualIBT A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> is a collection C of spatial things (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>), where each of the spatial things in C is spatially disjoint with the other spatial things in C. For example, the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a>, since dogs do not spatially overlap. Even pregnant dogs do not spatially overlap the pups they bear; rather, pregnant dogs contain their unborn pups. Other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwVGrQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LatitudeLine</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvW4n1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompactDisc_Audio</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwR7UWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlanetaryBody</a>. An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjlE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointRegionType</a> (a collection of specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViACZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeographicalRegion</a>, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">City</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwT-n15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrueContinent</a>). spatially disjoint object type SpatiallyDisjointObjectType