]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. (GraduateFn University) university graduate The collection of all university graduates. A type of degree granting institution graduate and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_0fzup0fQdiYa_OT4YKKXw" class="cyc_term">LiterateAgent</a>. university alumna university graduate of an educational institution university alumnus university graduates GraduateLevel graduate level The collection of instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> who have completed at least one year of graduate classes at a college or university. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj755wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Scientist</a> is a person who is educated and employed in one (or more) of the natural, social, or abstract sciences. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj755wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Scientist</a> include the collections <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj_A5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Astronomer</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjKrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Chemist</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Linguist</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkB15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematician</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj_RZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Geneticist</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVkBlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CulturalAnthropologist</a>. Scientist scientist BobGriese-FootballPlayer-American Bob Griese Grant Hill GrantHill-BasketballPlayer WilfredSellars <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwUWKLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WilfredSellars</a> was a systematic philosopher who understood the aim of philosophy as 'to understand how things in the broadest possible sense of the term hang together in the broadest possible sense of the term'. Wilfred Sellars J. L. Austin was an "ordinary language" philosopher at Oxford in the early part of the 20th century. He made major contributions to the study of speech acts. JohnLAustin J. L. Austin ReggieTongue-FootballPlayer-American Reggie Tongue WalterPayton Walter Payton Joe Montana JoeMontana-FootballPlayer-American Donovan McNabb DonovanMcNabb-FootballPlayer-American Brian Griese BrianGriese-FootballPlayer-American John Edwards, the former Senator from North Carolina who was John Kerry's running mate in the 2004 US Presidential election. JohnEdwards John Edwards John Adams JohnAdams The 2nd president of the US. Alonzo Mourning AlonzoMourning-BasketballPlayer ChuckSmith-FootballPlayer-American Chuck Smith PatrickEwing-BasketballPlayer Patrick Ewing Donald Rumsfeld DonaldHRumsfeld MiaHamm Mia Hamm Steve Young SteveYoung-Athlete a A Milne AAMilne David Lewis DavidLewis David Lewis was a philosopher who made major contributions to metaphysics, the philosophy of language and the philosophy of logic. He is perhaps best known for his work on the nature of possible worlds. O.J. McDuffie OJMcDuffie-FootballPlayer-American Ricky Williams RickyWilliams-FootballPlayer-American BertrandRussell Bertrand Russell <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvViLgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BertrandRussell</a> was a philosopher whose most influential contributions include his defense of logicism and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of analytic philosophy. Along with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvarT5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KurtGodel</a>, he is also often credited with being one of the two most important logicians of the twentieth century. Imprisoned in 1918 for pacifism, he was increasingly engaged in political activities. In 1950 he won the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvzn-O5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NobelPrizeForLiterature_1950</a>. LarryJohnson-BasketballPlayer Larry Johnson Cade McNown CadeMcNown-FootballPlayer-American Kent Graham KentGraham-FootballPlayer-American Michelle Akers MichelleAkers-SoccerPlayer Larry Bird LarryBird John Searle is a philosopher who has made major contributions to the study of speech acts, artificial intelligence, intentionality, and consciousness. John Searle JohnSearle WillardVanOrmanQuine W. V. O. Quine Willard Van Orman Quine was a 20th century metaphysician, epistemologist, and philosopher of logic and language. His main contribution to philosophy was a well-worked out skepticism towards meaning, analyticity, and modality. PeytonManning-FootballPlayer-American Peyton Manning Kareem Abdul-Jabbar KareemAbdul-Jabbar EddieGeorge-FootballPlayer-American Eddie George Jesse Owens JesseOwens The black US track and field star who won four gold medals in the 1936 Olympics in Germany. DonaldDavidson Together with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwIaTXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WillardVanOrmanQuine</a>, whose student he was at Harvard, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rVvCbpFGeEdaToQABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">DonaldDavidson</a> is one of the most important figures in 20th-century Anglo-American philosophy. He developed Quine's ideas about meaning and reference in novel and -- by some accounts -- deeper ways, especially in the philosophies of mind, psychology, language and action. Davidson is renowned for a string of stunningly short papers that are now recognized as seminal works in their respective areas: meaning and Tarskian truth theories, events and causation, the logical form of action sentences, radical interpretation, the existence of alternative conceptual schemes. Davidson's interpretation of action sentences as existence claims about event particulars forms the conceptual basis for Cyc's event and actor-slot vocabulary. Donald Davidson Wally Szczerbiak WallySzczerbiak-BasketballPlayer A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> (q.v.). Moreover, each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a> is a collection that is temporally stuff-like (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>) but physically-spatially object-like (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>) -- i.e. object-like with respect to some physical-spatial part-whole predicate (e.g. some specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r8a2smPXcQdiEoJhcx65EiQ" class="cyc_term">properPhysicalDecompositions</a>). <p/> Consider the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>. Further, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is temporally stuff-like: any one of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a given copy <code><b>COPY</b></code> of (say) &quot;Moby Dick&quot; is still a copy of &quot;Moby Dick&quot;. (Most collections of tangible objects are temporally stuff-like in this way.) But <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is spatially <i>object-like</i>: if we take a scalpel and slice <code><b>COPY</b></code> into ten pieces, each piece is not a copy of &quot;Moby Dick&quot;. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. <p/> See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>. ExistingObjectType type of object (GraduateFn University) university graduate The collection of all university graduates. A type of degree granting institution graduate and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_0fzup0fQdiYa_OT4YKKXw" class="cyc_term">LiterateAgent</a>. (GraduateFn DegreeGrantingHigherEducationInstitution) degree granting institution graduate Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString literate thing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_0fzup0fQdiYa_OT4YKKXw" class="cyc_term">LiterateAgent</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> who is capable of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjVMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reading</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVjLvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Writing</a> in some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a>. LiterateAgent ExistenceDependentTerminalCollection existence dependent terminal collection A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rhs-b2JX9QdeBCoQPSBEw0w" class="cyc_term">ExistenceDependentCollection</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_6HdOlV3QdeI9PHEy04DkQ" class="cyc_term">NonInitialCollection</a> (qq.v.). Each instance EDTC of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rUQ4fFJX-QdeILOlR_nDRRA" class="cyc_term">ExistenceDependentTerminalCollection</a> is a collection such that: (i) a thing can be an instance of EDTC only while the thing exists, (ii) once a thing becomes an instance of EDTC it necessarily remains so until the end of the thing's existence, (iii) nothing can be an instance of EDTC for its entire existence. It follows from these conditions that (iv) nothing starts out as an instance of EDTC and (v) any instance of EDTC ceases to be such when it ceases to exist. An example of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rUQ4fFJX-QdeILOlR_nDRRA" class="cyc_term">ExistenceDependentTerminalCollection</a> is (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwP1KhZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GraduateFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rwUHx0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">College</a>), the collection of college graduates. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4rjIUKDpX9QdeS6ObcIcpyYA" class="cyc_term">ExistenceDependentInitialCollection</a>. (GraduateFn University) university graduate The collection of all university graduates. A type of degree granting institution graduate and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_0fzup0fQdiYa_OT4YKKXw" class="cyc_term">LiterateAgent</a>. (GraduateFn University) university graduate The collection of all university graduates. A type of degree granting institution graduate and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/Mx4r_0fzup0fQdiYa_OT4YKKXw" class="cyc_term">LiterateAgent</a>.