]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> (q.v.); the collection of all things with no spatial extent or location, either in some embedding space or relative to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (q.v.). Examples include numbers, sets, collections, novels, languages, and time intervals (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Number_General" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SetOrCollection" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Novel_CW" class="cyc_term">Novel_CW</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NaturalLanguage" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TimeInterval" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a>). Note that although anything aspatial is intangible, the converse is not true. Geographical borders, latitude lines, and the trajectories of particles, for instance, are intangible (i.e. not composed of or encoded in matter), but not aspatial, as they have spatial location and extent. See also the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractThing" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a>. Mx4r6-GNDEkIQdeTPvxS8JnCLA non-spatial thing AspatialThing non-spatial things The collection of all objects that are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>s (beings, magical artifacts, spells, etc.) in fictional works but not extant in the world modeled by the KB in which something is asserted to be an instance of this. This collection should have no instances in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BaseKB" class="cyc_term">BaseKB</a> or other general microtheories, but be restricted to microtheories dealing with the "real world" or some fictional world. Note that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FictionalContext" class="cyc_term">FictionalContext</a> or stories about <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FictionalThing" class="cyc_term">FictionalThing</a>s are not themselves <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FictionalThing" class="cyc_term">FictionalThing</a>s, unless they are only defined as existing in some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FictionalContext" class="cyc_term">FictionalContext</a>. FictionalThing fictional thing atemporal thing that is also a non-spatial thing (CollectionIntersection2Fn AtemporalThing AspatialThing) abstract thing AbstractThing The collection that is by definition the intersection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AtemporalThing" class="cyc_term">AtemporalThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialThing" class="cyc_term">AspatialThing</a> (qq.v.). A given thing is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractThing" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> just in case it is "abstract", in the sense of having neither temporal nor spatial extent or location. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractThing" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SetOrCollection" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Number_General" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Relation" class="cyc_term">Relation</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> (qq.v.). Note that a set or collection is considered an abstract thing even if its elements are not abstract. (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet CalendarMilliSecond CycLSentence)) the union of The Set calendar milli second CycL sentence Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoftwareTestOrType" class="cyc_term">SoftwareTestOrType</a> is either a collection whose instances are individual software test definitions or an individual test. The meaning of this collection is equivalent to (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CollectionUnionFn" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TheSet" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> #$KBContentTest-FullySpecified <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/KBContentTestSpecificationType" class="cyc_term">KBContentTestSpecificationType</a>)). software test or type SoftwareTestOrType Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoftwareTestOrTypeVersion" class="cyc_term">SoftwareTestOrTypeVersion</a> is either a version of a collection whose instances are individual software test definitions or a version of an individual test. The meaning of this collection is equivalent to (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CollectionUnionFn" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TheSet" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoftwareTestVersion" class="cyc_term">SoftwareTestVersion</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoftwareTestTypeVersion" class="cyc_term">SoftwareTestTypeVersion</a>)). SoftwareTestOrTypeVersion software test or type version computational object A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MathematicalOrComputationalThing" class="cyc_term">MathematicalOrComputationalThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputationalObject" class="cyc_term">ComputationalObject</a> is a syntactically structured form, such as a Cyc system expression, a Lisp string, a C variable name, or an equation in a particular canonical form format. ComputationalObject AspatialInformationStore A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialThing" class="cyc_term">AspatialThing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> is the collection of all information stores that have no spatial location. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractInformationStructure" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FieldOfStudy" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Although no instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> has a spatial location, some instances can have multiple spatio-temporal "embodiments". For example, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be the content of several concrete documents, such as several instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BookCopy" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInfoPropositional_IBT" class="cyc_term">containsInfoPropositional_IBT</a>); and several distinct events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain unique <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> as their content (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>). information TimeInterval time period A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ModalIndex" class="cyc_term">ModalIndex</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TimeInterval" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a> is an intangible temporal thing that is characterized fully by its temporal extent. In this way, time intervals differ from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Situation" class="cyc_term">Situation</a>s such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event" class="cyc_term">Event</a>s. For example, the year 1969 C.E. is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TimeInterval" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a>; although many interesting things happened during that year, the year itself is completely defined by its temporal extent. Conversely, Neil Armstrong's walking on the Moon is an event and not a time interval, since it is not fully characterized by its temporal extent or any other purely temporal attributes (e.g. its taking place on the Moon and being done by Armstrong are not temporal attributes). Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TimeInterval" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CalendarYear" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CalendarMonth" class="cyc_term">CalendarMonth</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FiscalQuarter" class="cyc_term">FiscalQuarter</a>. variable-order Cyc collection A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CollectionType" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a> and the collection of all and only those <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Collection" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>s some of whose instances (or instances of instances, or instances of instances of instances, etc.) are of different "orders", where order is understood as follows. Let <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>s be "zeroth-order" things, collections of (only) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>s "first-order", ..., and collections of (only) Nth-order things "(N+1)th-order". A more precise, recursive definition, then, is: a collection COL is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VariedOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">VariedOrderCollection</a> if and only if COL has instances INST1 and INST2 such that either (i) INST1 and INST2 are of two different fixed orders N1 and N2, (ii) INST1 is of the fixed order N1 and INST2 is a varied-order collection, or (iii) INST1 and INST2 are both varied-order collections. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractThing" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> is a varied-order collection since it contains both (zeroth-order) abstract individuals and (higher-order) collections. Other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VariedOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">VariedOrderCollection</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Collection" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CollectionType" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Thing" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>. Note that (by clauses ii and iii) any generalization of a varied-order collection is varied-order; and (by clause iii) any (non-empty) specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VariedOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">VariedOrderCollection</a> is varied-order. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FixedOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a> (q.v.) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VariedOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">VariedOrderCollection</a> do _not_ constitute a partition of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Collection" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>: since the notion of order described above is not applicable to sets, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Set_Mathematical" class="cyc_term">Set_Mathematical</a> (e.g.) and its specializations are neither fixed-order nor varied-order collections. VariedOrderCollection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> (q.v.); the collection of all things with no spatial extent or location, either in some embedding space or relative to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (q.v.). Examples include numbers, sets, collections, novels, languages, and time intervals (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Number_General" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SetOrCollection" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Novel_CW" class="cyc_term">Novel_CW</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NaturalLanguage" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TimeInterval" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a>). Note that although anything aspatial is intangible, the converse is not true. Geographical borders, latitude lines, and the trajectories of particles, for instance, are intangible (i.e. not composed of or encoded in matter), but not aspatial, as they have spatial location and extent. See also the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractThing" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a>. non-spatial thing AspatialThing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> (q.v.); the collection of all things with no spatial extent or location, either in some embedding space or relative to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (q.v.). Examples include numbers, sets, collections, novels, languages, and time intervals (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Number_General" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SetOrCollection" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Novel_CW" class="cyc_term">Novel_CW</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NaturalLanguage" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TimeInterval" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a>). Note that although anything aspatial is intangible, the converse is not true. Geographical borders, latitude lines, and the trajectories of particles, for instance, are intangible (i.e. not composed of or encoded in matter), but not aspatial, as they have spatial location and extent. See also the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractThing" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a>. non-spatial thing AspatialThing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> (q.v.); the collection of all things with no spatial extent or location, either in some embedding space or relative to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (q.v.). Examples include numbers, sets, collections, novels, languages, and time intervals (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Number_General" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SetOrCollection" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Novel_CW" class="cyc_term">Novel_CW</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NaturalLanguage" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TimeInterval" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a>). Note that although anything aspatial is intangible, the converse is not true. Geographical borders, latitude lines, and the trajectories of particles, for instance, are intangible (i.e. not composed of or encoded in matter), but not aspatial, as they have spatial location and extent. See also the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractThing" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a>. non-spatial thing AspatialThing prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String The collection of things that are not physical -- are not made of, or encoded in, matter. Every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Collection" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> (even if its instances are tangible), and so are some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>s. Caution: do not confuse `tangibility' with `perceivability' -- humans can perceive light even though it's intangible--at least in a sense. For more on this issue, see the relevant #$cyclistNotes. intangible Intangible