]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA CommunicationAct-Single A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> is a single-source transmission of information from one sender (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a>) to one or more recipients (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/recipientOfInfo" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>). Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AccessingAnIBT" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. single communication act communication acts acts of communication act of communication single communication acts communication act The collection of all utterances contributed in Interlocutor sessions: each instance is a speech act -- assertion, question, etc. -- entered by a user as part of a more or less coherent discourse. Cyc interlocutor utterance CycInterlocutorUtterance GrantingPermission permitting A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MakingAnAgreement" class="cyc_term">MakingAnAgreement</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GrantingPermission" class="cyc_term">GrantingPermission</a> is an event in which one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> grants some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Permission" class="cyc_term">Permission</a> to another. InsultingSomeone insulting The collection of communication acts in which the performer insults the recipient. Saying something bad about someone when they are not present is not an example of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InsultingSomeone" class="cyc_term">InsultingSomeone</a>. consoling The activity of consoling someone Consoling Polemic-CommunicationAct The collection of all polemics. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. polemic feedback ProvidingFeedback Providing feedback to some controlling agent about something they control. A CommunicationAct in which there are multiple receivers. OneToManyCommunication one to many communication Communication acts which involve the transfer of an encrypted <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/communicationToken" class="cyc_term">communicationToken</a>. There are additional subevents, that of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Encrypting" class="cyc_term">Encrypting</a> and that of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Decrypting" class="cyc_term">Decrypting</a>, not present in most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. encrypted communication EncryptedCommunication informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reporting" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnnouncingSomething" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. the union of { issuing a writ of certiori, denying a petition of certiori } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet IssuingAWritOfCertiori DenyingAPetitionOfCertiori)) A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance of this collection is an action that conveys information to the effect that the performing agent has received some prior <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> (which was performed by another agent). An example is Joan saying, `I hear you' in response to Bette's exclaiming, `What a dump!' Note that acknowledging can be implicit; for example, one can acknowledge a question by answering it. Acknowledging-CommunicationAct acknowledgment A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> and specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PraisingSomeone" class="cyc_term">PraisingSomeone</a> is an event in which an agent expresses a strongly positive opinion of an agent. praising PraisingSomeone Congratulating congratulation The activity of congratulating someone MusicalCommunicating The communication of a musical idea. musical communicating SecureCommunication A kind of communication where there exists a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/communicationTarget" class="cyc_term">communicationTarget</a>, and if an agent receives the communication, they are the target. secure communication This is the collection of acts in which one agents threatens another. The propositional content can typically be divided into a demand and what the sender of info intends if the demand is not met. Note that this has not been made a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intimidation_CommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">Intimidation_CommunicationAct</a>, as the intention of a threat may be intimidation but the one making the threat may be unsuccesful. threatening communication act Threatening-CommunicationAct Intimidation-CommunicationAct intimidation A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intimidation_CommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">Intimidation_CommunicationAct</a> is a communication act in which the sender (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a>) intentionally attempts to intimidate one or more other agents (who serve as the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/communicationTarget" class="cyc_term">communicationTarget</a>s of the intimidation act). A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Insisting_CommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">Insisting_CommunicationAct</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> asserts, denies, demands, or refuses something vehemently and persistently. Insisting-CommunicationAct insisting The collection of actions performed by one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agent_Generic" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a> to greet another. Includes verbal and physical greetings. GreetingSomeone greeting Restatement re-statement The collection of all re-statements. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Restatement" class="cyc_term">Restatement</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TypicalHumanActivityType_AtLeastOnce" class="cyc_term">TypicalHumanActivityType_AtLeastOnce</a>. A communication act in which agent x directs agent y to agent z, so that agent z can do something for agent y. referring MakingAReferral SayingGoodbyeToSomeone farewell introducing a bill A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LegalProceeding" class="cyc_term">LegalProceeding</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntroducingABill_USFederalLegislating" class="cyc_term">IntroducingABill_USFederalLegislating</a> is an event in which one or more members of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/USCongress" class="cyc_term">USCongress</a> introduces a bill for consideration as a potential law by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/USCongress" class="cyc_term">USCongress</a>. The person or persons who introduce the bill are the sponsors or cosponsors of the bill. IntroducingABill-USFederalLegislating A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Offering_CommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">Offering_CommunicationAct</a> is a communication act in which somebody offers to do something, furnish something, or make something the case. See also the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IllocutionaryForce" class="cyc_term">IllocutionaryForce</a> associated with these actions, #$Offer. Offering-CommunicationAct offer reading software parameter The collection of all events in which the value of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoftwareParameter" class="cyc_term">SoftwareParameter</a> is read by a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerProcessRunning" class="cyc_term">ComputerProcessRunning</a>. ReadingSoftwareParameter The collection of all testimonials. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TypicalHumanActivityType_AtLeastOnce" class="cyc_term">TypicalHumanActivityType_AtLeastOnce</a>. testimonial Testimonial invitation Inviting-CommunicationAct Issuing an invitation to someone. The host suggesting that someone attend or participate in a specific event. requesting Requesting-CommunicationAct A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Requesting_CommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">Requesting_CommunicationAct</a> is a communication act in which one agent requests something of one or more other agents. Requests are typically followed by responses. Advertising A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance of this collection consists of some communication to potential clients of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Organization" class="cyc_term">Organization</a>, the desire of the organization that they be its clients. The organization may be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Business" class="cyc_term">Business</a> wanting people to do business with it (cf. the more specific <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Advertising_Business" class="cyc_term">Advertising_Business</a>). Or it may be, for example, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PoliticalParty" class="cyc_term">PoliticalParty</a> (cf. the more specific <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Advertising_Political" class="cyc_term">Advertising_Political</a>). See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AdvertisingCampaign" class="cyc_term">AdvertisingCampaign</a>. advertising challenging ChallengingSomeone This is the collection of actions in which one agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/challenger" class="cyc_term">challenger</a>) issues a challenge to another agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/challengee" class="cyc_term">challengee</a>) to do something (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/challengesToDo" class="cyc_term">challengesToDo</a>). thanking The collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>, in which one agent thanks another. ThankingSomeone A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObligationCreatingEvent" class="cyc_term">ObligationCreatingEvent</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ForbiddingSomething" class="cyc_term">ForbiddingSomething</a> is an event in which some agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/forbidder" class="cyc_term">forbidder</a>) forbids some other agent(s) (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/forbiddee" class="cyc_term">forbiddee</a>(s)) to do something. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/forbidder" class="cyc_term">forbidder</a> must have proper authority to forbid the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/forbiddee" class="cyc_term">forbiddee</a> to perform the act type in question; for example, a five-year-old child typically cannot forbid his parents to serve spinach for dinner -- at least, we would not count such an act as an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ForbiddingSomething" class="cyc_term">ForbiddingSomething</a>. forbiding ForbiddingSomething SpeechAct speech act A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance is the use of language to perform some act. warning Warning The collection of actions in which something (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/warner" class="cyc_term">warner</a>) warns an agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/warnee" class="cyc_term">warnee</a>) about some danger (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/warningOf" class="cyc_term">warningOf</a>). the Sending A Bill TheSendingABill The event in which TheSeller sends a bill to TheBuyer, for TheBuying. FosteringSpiritualElitism fostering spiritual elitism A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Encouraging" class="cyc_term">Encouraging</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PurposefulAction" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>. Each instance of this collection is an event in which a religious group encourages a sense of elitism among its members. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PersuadingToAct" class="cyc_term">PersuadingToAct</a>. Each instance of this collection is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the performer successfully induces the recipient to perform some terrorist activity. PersuadingToPerformTerroristAct persuading to perform terrorist act The collection of specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HumanActivity" class="cyc_term">HumanActivity</a> such that persons typically are involved in (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) at least one instance of the activity type in their lifetime. typical human activity type at least once TypicalHumanActivityType-AtLeastOnce the event or role domain A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptTypeByDomain" class="cyc_term">ConceptTypeByDomain</a> (q.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/EventOrRoleConcept" class="cyc_term">EventOrRoleConcept</a> are collections and relations having to do with general kinds of events and the roles that things can play in them. Major specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event" class="cyc_term">Event</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Role" class="cyc_term">Role</a>, and other relations used for stating significant facts about events (such as time, place, causes, and effects) are instances of this collection. EventOrRoleConcept CommunicationAct-Single A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> is a single-source transmission of information from one sender (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a>) to one or more recipients (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/recipientOfInfo" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>). Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AccessingAnIBT" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. single communication act information and CWs topic InformationAndCWs-Topic An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CollectionType" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FixedOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> is the collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (q.v.) Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalObjectType" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ExistingStuffType" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ExistingObjectType" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. first-order collection FirstOrderCollection CommunicationAct-Single A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> is a single-source transmission of information from one sender (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a>) to one or more recipients (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/recipientOfInfo" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>). Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AccessingAnIBT" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. single communication act CommunicationAct-Single A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> is a single-source transmission of information from one sender (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a>) to one or more recipients (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/recipientOfInfo" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>). Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AccessingAnIBT" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. single communication act CommunicationAct-Single A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> is a single-source transmission of information from one sender (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a>) to one or more recipients (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/recipientOfInfo" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>). Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AccessingAnIBT" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. single communication act BT <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. broaderTerm InformationTransferEvent A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneralizedTransfer" class="cyc_term">GeneralizedTransfer</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> is an event in which information is transferred from a source (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationOrigin" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a>) to one or more destinations (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationDestination" class="cyc_term">informationDestination</a>), where the source and the various destinations are either intelligent agents or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s (IBTs). Examples include reading a book (transfer of information from the book to the reader), saying something to someone (transfer of information from the speaker to the listener), machine translation (transfer of information from an encoded IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in the target language), OCR scanning (transfer of information from a visual information source to another IBT in a different format), carving initials in a tree (transfer of information from an agent to an IBT), and making a speech (transfer of information from an agent to other agents). See also the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferPhysicalEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferPhysicalEvent</a>. information transfer A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TerroristAct" class="cyc_term">TerroristAct</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TerroristAct_InitiatedByCommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">TerroristAct_InitiatedByCommunicationAct</a> is a terrorist act first set in motion by a communication act addressed to the parties carrying out the act. TerroristAct-InitiatedByCommunicationAct terrorist act initiated by communication act Communicating communication A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PurposefulAction" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> and characterized by one or more <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> sub-events. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are focal). Since <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PurposefulAction" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>, each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> event must be intentional on the part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/communicatorOfInfo" class="cyc_term">communicatorOfInfo</a>; it may or may not be intentional on the part of the agent playing the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/infoCommunicatedTo" class="cyc_term">infoCommunicatedTo</a> role. Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is listening to her, is not <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>; rather Romeo (and Juliet, unaware) are engaged in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Eavesdropping" class="cyc_term">Eavesdropping</a>. Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MultiDirectionalCommunication" class="cyc_term">MultiDirectionalCommunication</a>). Every event belonging to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AudioCommunicating" class="cyc_term">AudioCommunicating</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NonVerbalCommunicating" class="cyc_term">NonVerbalCommunicating</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating" class="cyc_term">FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating</a>); by the type of information involved (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MakingAnAgreement" class="cyc_term">MakingAnAgreement</a>); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Teaching" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Negotiating" class="cyc_term">Negotiating</a>); by the agents involved (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntraOrganizationCommunication" class="cyc_term">IntraOrganizationCommunication</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StageProduction" class="cyc_term">StageProduction</a>). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents. prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String