]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Mx4rvViwoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is specific information about one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (q.v.), provided by another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a>. The information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is wholly intangible, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> usually have some associated <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> (e.g. a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e. the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g. legal bar certification or the ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g. GED schooling or satisfying PhD requirements); is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g. a travel visa or permission slip); and so on. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/issuesCredential" class="cyc_term">issuesCredential</a>. Credential credential http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credential credentials A collection of abstract (intangible) objects consisting of information; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Accreditation" class="cyc_term">Accreditation</a> is a credential, issued to an organization by the appropriate authority, that declares the issuer's approval of the quality of the recipient's activities. For example, accreditation of an educational organization to offer a kind of degree or training; or accreditation of a hospital to offer medical services. accreditation Accreditation Visa-Permit A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Permission" class="cyc_term">Permission</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LegalAgreement" class="cyc_term">LegalAgreement</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Visa_Permit" class="cyc_term">Visa_Permit</a> is an authorization issued by the government of some country to one (or more) person(s), stating that s/he is allowed to enter that country and remain for a certain period of time while engaging in certain specified activities (e.g., study, travel, work). Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Visa_Permit" class="cyc_term">Visa_Permit</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/H1WorkVisa" class="cyc_term">H1WorkVisa</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/F1WorkVisa" class="cyc_term">F1WorkVisa</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GreenCard" class="cyc_term">GreenCard</a>. visa RegisteredPharmacistCredential RPH The abreviation is RPH. you can't legally fill out prescriptions without one of these. You must have a B.S. in Pharm and then pass an exam to have this credential, however, practically everyone having this degree passes. Diploma The collection of abstract <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a>s each of which is awarded to certify that a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Student" class="cyc_term">Student</a> has attended school or training sessions of some particular kind. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Diploma" class="cyc_term">Diploma</a> (the abstract <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a>) is represented by a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DiplomaDocument" class="cyc_term">DiplomaDocument</a>. diploma health certificate A collection of credentials. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HealthCertificate" class="cyc_term">HealthCertificate</a> is the (abstract) declaration, by the appropriate authority, that a particular person (or other animal) is in good health. Typically a health certificate is embodied in a document issued by the authority. HealthCertificate License-LegalAgreement license A collection of intangible pieces of information; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Permission" class="cyc_term">Permission</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/License_LegalAgreement" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> is a credential issued by a granting authority and recorded in some tangible document (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/License_IBO" class="cyc_term">License_IBO</a>), which authorizes the agent to whom it is issued to perform actions of a certain kind. Sample subsets of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/License_LegalAgreement" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> include: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TrainEngineerLicense" class="cyc_term">TrainEngineerLicense</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DriversLicense_LicenseAgreement" class="cyc_term">DriversLicense_LicenseAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PestControlLicense" class="cyc_term">PestControlLicense</a>. fellow credential FellowCredential This title is given to people who are a member of a collegiate foundation which provides money and direction for research. Recommendation recommendation A collection of abstract (intangible) objects which consist of information; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Recommendation" class="cyc_term">Recommendation</a> consists of a statement by some agent about the qualities of another agent, product, program, or activity. Examples: a letter of recommendation for graduate school; a reference letter for a jobseeker; or a product endorsement. LawBarCertification A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a>. law bar certification The American Registry of Radiologic Technology gives the registered technologist (RT) title to people who are qualified to act as x-ray technologists. C.R.T. RegisteredTechnologistCredential CertificationOfCompetence certification of competence A collection of certifications. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CertificationOfCompetence" class="cyc_term">CertificationOfCompetence</a> is the (abstract) declaration, by an appropriate authority, that a person is competent to perform a certain kind of job or task. Such a certification may be embodied in a written document, oral testimonial, or personal recommendation. CertifiedPublicAccountantCredential This credential is given to accountants who meet a given state's requirements. Usually this is evaluated by a state-administered test. C.P.A. This credential is given to certified social workers. C.S.W. SocialWorkerCredential A collection of credentials. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CertificationOfWorkExperience" class="cyc_term">CertificationOfWorkExperience</a> is an (abstract) declaration, by an appropriate authority, that a particular person has performed a certain amount of work of some kind. Such information might be embodied in a letter, a form, or a verbal statement issued by the authority. CertificationOfWorkExperience certification of work experience degree A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/EducationalDegree" class="cyc_term">EducationalDegree</a> is a credential conferred by some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/EducationalOrganization" class="cyc_term">EducationalOrganization</a> on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed course of study there. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/EducationalDegree" class="cyc_term">EducationalDegree</a> includes as instances high school, associate, baccalaureate, licensate, magisterial, professional, and doctoral degrees. EducationalDegree QA clarifying collection type The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ClarifyingCollectionType" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/QueryAugmentationApplication" class="cyc_term">QueryAugmentationApplication</a> to resolve natural language ambiguities. QAClarifyingCollectionType A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is specific information about one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (q.v.), provided by another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a>. The information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is wholly intangible, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> usually have some associated <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> (e.g. a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e. the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g. legal bar certification or the ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g. GED schooling or satisfying PhD requirements); is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g. a travel visa or permission slip); and so on. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/issuesCredential" class="cyc_term">issuesCredential</a>. Credential credential information and CWs topic InformationAndCWs-Topic A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is specific information about one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (q.v.), provided by another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a>. The information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is wholly intangible, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> usually have some associated <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> (e.g. a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e. the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g. legal bar certification or the ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g. GED schooling or satisfying PhD requirements); is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g. a travel visa or permission slip); and so on. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/issuesCredential" class="cyc_term">issuesCredential</a>. Credential credential A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is specific information about one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (q.v.), provided by another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a>. The information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is wholly intangible, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> usually have some associated <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> (e.g. a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e. the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g. legal bar certification or the ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g. GED schooling or satisfying PhD requirements); is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g. a travel visa or permission slip); and so on. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/issuesCredential" class="cyc_term">issuesCredential</a>. Credential credential type of object The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/properParts" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/properParts" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/genlInverse" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Automobile" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalParts" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Automobile" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Automobile" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CalendarYear" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CalendarYear" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. ObjectType written or spoken work A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a> is an abstract work constituted at least in part by propositional information. Propositional information is information which has a truth value in some context (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a>). Typically, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a> will be works whose instantiations are composed of (or merely contain) one or more spoken or written sentences. Positive examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a> include any instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ProseLiteraryWork_CW" class="cyc_term">ProseLiteraryWork_CW</a> (including instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AcademicEssay" class="cyc_term">AcademicEssay</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ExpositoryArticle" class="cyc_term">ExpositoryArticle</a>). A positive example that is not a literary work is any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MusicalComposition" class="cyc_term">MusicalComposition</a> that has lyrics that express propositions; another positive example is a mostly graphical advertisement that also includes text that expresses propositions. PropositionalConceptualWork A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is specific information about one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (q.v.), provided by another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a>. The information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is wholly intangible, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> usually have some associated <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> (e.g. a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e. the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g. legal bar certification or the ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g. GED schooling or satisfying PhD requirements); is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g. a travel visa or permission slip); and so on. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/issuesCredential" class="cyc_term">issuesCredential</a>. Credential credential A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is specific information about one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (q.v.), provided by another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SocialBeing" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a>. The information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is wholly intangible, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Credential" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> usually have some associated <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> (e.g. a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e. the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g. legal bar certification or the ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g. GED schooling or satisfying PhD requirements); is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g. a travel visa or permission slip); and so on. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/issuesCredential" class="cyc_term">issuesCredential</a>. Credential credential (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/wikipediaArticleURL" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in #$Wikipedia-WebSite THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL wikipediaArticleURL prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String