]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. event in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated Mx4rvV6pTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Replication" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a> is an event in which a new instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (IBT) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationOrigin" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a> (q.v.) of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information. IBTGeneration-Replication events in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated automated text to speech conversion A collection whose instances are events in which a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextToSpeechProgram" class="cyc_term">TextToSpeechProgram</a> is used to produce, from a piece of text, a series of audible signals having the same propositional content as the text. The input to a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AutomatedTextToSpeechConversion" class="cyc_term">AutomatedTextToSpeechConversion</a> need not be typed, though it probably typically is. AutomatedTextToSpeechConversion AutomatedSpeechToTextConversion automated speech to text conversion A collection of events in which a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpeechToTextProgram" class="cyc_term">SpeechToTextProgram</a> is used to generate, from some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnimalUtterance_IBT" class="cyc_term">AnimalUtterance_IBT</a>, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> which contains the same propositional information as is contained in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnimalUtterance_IBT" class="cyc_term">AnimalUtterance_IBT</a>. event in which an Information Bearing Thing is copied IBTCopying A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Replication" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTCopying" class="cyc_term">IBTCopying</a> is an event which generates some new instance or instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> by copying the information and format from a source <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationOrigin" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a>). The new instance(s) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> encode(s) approximately the same information in approximately the same way as the source <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. A positive example of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTCopying" class="cyc_term">IBTCopying</a> would be a person producing a hand-written copy of a newspaper story, where the copy is in the same language as the story, and the format of the story (e.g., the ordering of the paragraphs) is not changed. Negative examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTCopying" class="cyc_term">IBTCopying</a> would be a person producing a translation of the newspaper story, or a person producing a document in which the paragraphs of the story are extensively rearranged. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTCopying" class="cyc_term">IBTCopying</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CopyingAComputerFile" class="cyc_term">CopyingAComputerFile</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhotocopyingADocument" class="cyc_term">PhotocopyingADocument</a>. See also the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/copyProduced" class="cyc_term">copyProduced</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/itemCopied" class="cyc_term">itemCopied</a>. GeneticInformationTransferEvent The collection of all events in which 'genetic information', generally speaking, can be said to be transferred from one 'embodiment' to another. This includes the central operations of DNA replication (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Replication_DNA" class="cyc_term">Replication_DNA</a>), DNA-to-RNA transcription (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Transcription_DNAToRNA" class="cyc_term">Transcription_DNAToRNA</a>) and RNA-to-Protein translation (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Translation_RNAToProtein" class="cyc_term">Translation_RNAToProtein</a>). genetic information transfer event in which an information bearing thing is recorded A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Replication" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTRecoding" class="cyc_term">IBTRecoding</a> is an event which generates a new information-bearing thing (i.e., an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>) by taking information from a source information-bearing thing (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationOrigin" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a>), encoding it a new way, and incorporating it into a new information-bearing thing (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ibtGenerated" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTRecoding" class="cyc_term">IBTRecoding</a> may be done either by agents (e.g., people) or by non-agents (e.g., record players, or computers running translation software). Recoding the content of a pre-existing information-bearing thing presupposes some instance of accessing it (i.e., of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AccessingAnIBT" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>). IBTRecoding MediaTransmitting media transmitting A collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event" class="cyc_term">Event</a>s; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">MediaTransferEvent</a> and of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Emission" class="cyc_term">Emission</a>. In every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaTransmitting" class="cyc_term">MediaTransmitting</a>, a collection of intangible <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s are transmitted and received by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationDevice" class="cyc_term">CommunicationDevice</a>s. These IBTs are NOT electrical signals, radio waves, or the like, but are constituted of sounds and/or images emitted by individual receiving devices and accessible to human senses. Subsets of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaTransmitting" class="cyc_term">MediaTransmitting</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Broadcasting" class="cyc_term">Broadcasting</a> (via radio or TV) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TVTransmitting" class="cyc_term">TVTransmitting</a> (via cable or broadcast). IBTTranslating A collection of events; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Replication" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTTranslating" class="cyc_term">IBTTranslating</a> is an event which generates a new IBT (i.e., an element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>) by copying the information from a source IBT (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationOrigin" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a>) into a representation using a different <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Language" class="cyc_term">Language</a>. The new IBT encodes approximately the same information as the source IBT. This concept does not include changing the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WritingSystem" class="cyc_term">WritingSystem</a> (which would be transliterating) of text, nor of converting <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DatabaseDataFormat" class="cyc_term">DatabaseDataFormat</a>s, musical notation [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MusicalNotation_General" class="cyc_term">MusicalNotation_General</a>], or other syntactic properties of non-textual language. translation <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TakingWrittenNotes" class="cyc_term">TakingWrittenNotes</a> is the collection of all #$WritingANote events in which a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Note_Document" class="cyc_term">Note_Document</a> is created whose content is based on a preexisting <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Examples include taking notes of a meeting, taking notes of a lecture, taking notes of a textbook. A negative example would be writing a note to remind oneself to go to the grocery store. TakingWrittenNotes taking written notes publishing A collection of events. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PublishingWrittenMaterial" class="cyc_term">PublishingWrittenMaterial</a>, a book or periodical is transformed from manuscript or typescript form to a form suitable for retail sale or public distribution. This collection can include any kind of publishing, from manuscript copies to print media to electronic publishing. PublishingWrittenMaterial IBTGeneration generation of an information bearing thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> and of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Action" class="cyc_term">Action</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> is an event which creates some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g. sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (cf. the important specialization of IBTGeneration -- <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBOCreation" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a>). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> whether there is another agent who accesses the resulting IBT. Note that every communication act starts with an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. (Thus, see also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> and its specializations, especially <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>.) For an analogous collection regarding instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CWCreation" class="cyc_term">CWCreation</a>. Two important specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Original" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Original</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Replication" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ibtGenerated" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>. event in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Replication" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a> is an event in which a new instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (IBT) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationOrigin" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a> (q.v.) of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information. IBTGeneration-Replication information and CWs topic InformationAndCWs-Topic event in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Replication" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a> is an event in which a new instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (IBT) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationOrigin" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a> (q.v.) of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information. IBTGeneration-Replication event in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Replication" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a> is an event in which a new instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (IBT) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationOrigin" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a> (q.v.) of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information. IBTGeneration-Replication BT <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. broaderTerm MediaTransferEvent disseminating news A collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event" class="cyc_term">Event</a>s; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MassCommunicating" class="cyc_term">MassCommunicating</a>. In every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">MediaTransferEvent</a>, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> is distributed to the public as a collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s (IBTs). Accordingly, every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">MediaTransferEvent</a> has two <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subEvents" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a>: (1) an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Replication" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>, in which the IBTs are produced, and (2) an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TransferOut" class="cyc_term">TransferOut</a>, in which the IBTs are distributed. Important subsets of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">MediaTransferEvent</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PrintCirculationEvent" class="cyc_term">PrintCirculationEvent</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaTransmitting" class="cyc_term">MediaTransmitting</a>. In <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PrintCirculationEvent" class="cyc_term">PrintCirculationEvent</a>s, the generated IBTs are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HardcopyInformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a>s, and the replication subEvent precedes the distribution subEvent. In <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaTransmitting" class="cyc_term">MediaTransmitting</a>, the IBTs are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingWavePropagation" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingWavePropagation</a>s, and the replication subEvent is the same as the distribution subEvent. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaProduct" class="cyc_term">MediaProduct</a>. TemporalStuffType type of temporally stuff-like thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/granuleOfTemporalStuff" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/granuleOfTemporalStuff" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TakingAStep" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalObjectType" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String