]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA InformationBearingThing information-bearing thing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CycProgram" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArtObject" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfAIT" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfWork" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextString" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualPCW" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoundInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. information-bearing things http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamsters word token NLWord-IBT The collection of all spoken, written, or otherwise expressed word tokens recognizeable as instantiations (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfAIS" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIS</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NLWordForm" class="cyc_term">NLWordForm</a>s. Note that a single <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NLWord_IBT" class="cyc_term">NLWord_IBT</a> can instantiate several <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NLWordForm" class="cyc_term">NLWordForm</a>s. Puns are examples of such multiple instantiations. AuthenticationSource authentication source <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AuthenticationSource" class="cyc_term">AuthenticationSource</a>, a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, is the collection of sources which can be used for authentication events. Notable subsets include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Fingerprint" class="cyc_term">Fingerprint</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Retina" class="cyc_term">Retina</a>. rumor ibt Rumor-IBT <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Rumor_IBT" class="cyc_term">Rumor_IBT</a> is the collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> whose information content is a rumor. (CollectionSubsetFn InformationBearingThing (TheSetOf ?OBJ (thereExists ?AGENT (and (isa ?AGENT IntelligentAgent) (causes-ThingProp ?OBJ (feelsEmotion ?AGENT (HighAmountFn Amusement-Feeling))))))) physics humour The collection of links in hypertext documents that, when the document is rendered by an appropriate program, such as a web browser, allow an end-user to open new files or view other parts of the original document. web link Hyperlink joke The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s whose information content is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Joke_CW" class="cyc_term">Joke_CW</a>. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Joke_IBT" class="cyc_term">Joke_IBT</a> is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/communicationToken" class="cyc_term">communicationToken</a> in any act of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/JokeTelling" class="cyc_term">JokeTelling</a>. Joke-IBT informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reporting" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnnouncingSomething" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. report of trouble or problems with Dodge Vipers (TroubleWithTypeReportFn DodgeViperCar) physical db table PhysicalDBTable Instances are particular tables that are part of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Database_Physical" class="cyc_term">Database_Physical</a>. Even if two <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhysicalDBTable" class="cyc_term">PhysicalDBTable</a>s have the same physical schema and the same information content, they are considered different tables if they have different access parameters. PublishedIBT published IBT The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s which have been produced for distribution. Note that "published" here does not mean "printed and physically distributed", since intangible information-bearing things can be published using the WorldWideWeb-Concrete, or broadcast on the airwaves. PerformingArtActivity performing art The collection of activities that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Artist_Performer" class="cyc_term">Artist_Performer</a>s do. Its subsets include things like <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Singing" class="cyc_term">Singing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Dancing_Human" class="cyc_term">Dancing_Human</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DramaticActing" class="cyc_term">DramaticActing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PlayingAMusicalInstrument" class="cyc_term">PlayingAMusicalInstrument</a>, etc. What is being captured in this collection are the actions that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Artist_Performer" class="cyc_term">Artist_Performer</a>s do, both in preparation for and during a performance. For the collection of performace events, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/EntertainmentPerformance" class="cyc_term">EntertainmentPerformance</a>. Signal signal A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (IBT). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Signal" class="cyc_term">Signal</a> is an IBT which may be interpreted (whether by a conscious user of learned signalling rules, by a computer program, or even by a cell in terms of its subsequent behaviour) as conveying some specific information. Examples include car-horn honkings, internet packets, and proteins which travel into cells across the plasma membrane. An important specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingWavePropagation" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingWavePropagation</a>. Note that this collection is intended to embrace only signals themselves, not events of signalling. On the importance of keeping these two separate, see the comment on <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. The distinction between this collection and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SymbolicThing" class="cyc_term">SymbolicThing</a> lies in the fact that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Signal" class="cyc_term">Signal</a>s are one-time-only transfers of specific information, whereas a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SymbolicThing" class="cyc_term">SymbolicThing</a> is open to its characteristic interpretation any time it is encountered. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/signifiesTo" class="cyc_term">signifiesTo</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/signifies" class="cyc_term">signifies</a>. request InformationRequest-IBT The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s whose information content is a request for information. An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationRequest_IBT" class="cyc_term">InformationRequest_IBT</a> is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/communicationToken" class="cyc_term">communicationToken</a> in any act of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/RequestingInformation" class="cyc_term">RequestingInformation</a>. ComputerDataArtifact-Generic piece of stored computer data The collection of all pieces of computer data. This collection includes all such information, such as data streams (e.g., bits or bytes of data in addressable memory) and more complex objects such as files in a filesystem (see the specialization of this collection, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerFileCopy" class="cyc_term">ComputerFileCopy</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerDataArtifact_Generic" class="cyc_term">ComputerDataArtifact_Generic</a> are non-agentive existing things; thus computer processes and software agents are not instances of this collection. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerDataArtifact_Generic" class="cyc_term">ComputerDataArtifact_Generic</a> encode information, but are not necessarily physical objects (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerDataArtifact" class="cyc_term">ComputerDataArtifact</a>). archetype Archetype Lesson The collection of all organized <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/temporallyContinuousDuring" class="cyc_term">temporallyContinuousDuring</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Teaching" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a> events in which one (or rarely more) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Teacher" class="cyc_term">Teacher</a> instructs one or more <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Student" class="cyc_term">Student</a>s on some material. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CourseOfStudy" class="cyc_term">CourseOfStudy</a> is comprised of a series of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lesson" class="cyc_term">Lesson</a>s on the same general subject matter. Every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Teacher" class="cyc_term">Teacher</a> teaches at least one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lesson" class="cyc_term">Lesson</a> and every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Student" class="cyc_term">Student</a> attends at least one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lesson" class="cyc_term">Lesson</a>. lesson VisualInformationBearingThing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Artifact_Generic" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance of this collection is an artifact from which information is extracted by viewing it (note that a viewer may need to be familiar with an appropriate set of interpretive conventions in order to do this). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> include handwritten letters, newspapers, sculptures, television sets, and neon signs. (Thus, the information content of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>s may or may not be propositional in nature.) In the proper conditions, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> produce instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualImage" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> (which, unlike instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>, are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event" class="cyc_term">Event</a>). For example, if one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualImage" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualImage" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. A notable specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StillImageSource" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a> -- sources of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualImage" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> that do not move (which thus includes all the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> given above except for the television set). See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/visuallyDepicts" class="cyc_term">visuallyDepicts</a>. visual information source A collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Advertisement_IBT" class="cyc_term">Advertisement_IBT</a>s are IBTs intended for a large audience, often <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ThePublic" class="cyc_term">ThePublic</a>. The originator of the corresponding <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Advertisement_PCW" class="cyc_term">Advertisement_PCW</a> pays to have these instantiations made accessible to the intended audience, and intends that people who access one will be affected by it in a way that is favorable to the originator. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Advertisement_IBT" class="cyc_term">Advertisement_IBT</a>s take many physical forms, including billboards, magazine and newspapers ads, email, direct mail, and radio and television commercials, among others. advertisement Advertisement-IBT A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Playing" class="cyc_term">Playing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event_Organized" class="cyc_term">Event_Organized</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PlayingAGame" class="cyc_term">PlayingAGame</a> is an event in which a person plays a game. Examples include people playing chess and people long jumping. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GameEvent" class="cyc_term">GameEvent</a> (q.v.) include instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PlayingAGame" class="cyc_term">PlayingAGame</a> as sub-events. game playing PlayingAGame Stereogram A diagram or picture representing a solid form on a plane surface. stereogram distress signal IBT A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance is an internationally recognized signal sent out by a ship or plane indicating that help is needed. DistressSignal-IBT The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s whose information content is advice. An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Advice_IBT" class="cyc_term">Advice_IBT</a> is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/communicationToken" class="cyc_term">communicationToken</a> in any act of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Advising" class="cyc_term">Advising</a>. Advice-IBT advice The collection of all marriage licenses. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. (InformationThingAboutFn MarriageLicense) marriage license statement Statement A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Statement" class="cyc_term">Statement</a> is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> created in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StatingSomething" class="cyc_term">StatingSomething</a>. An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agent_PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> must create the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Statement" class="cyc_term">Statement</a> and it contains propositional information. The illocutionary force of its contents are an #$Inform. The collection of visually perceivable patterns, such as the pattern of colors and shapes on a polka-dotted dress, the spots on a leopard, the stripes on a zebra, or the playing surface of a checkerboard. VisualPattern pattern A collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s, each of which contains information, for a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Person" class="cyc_term">Person</a> who understands how to interpret it. Examples include a copy of the novel _Moby Dick_, a signal buoy, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Photograph" class="cyc_term">Photograph</a>, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Flag" class="cyc_term">Flag</a>, an elevator sign in Braille, a map, a US dollar bill, a word in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AmericanSignLanguage" class="cyc_term">AmericanSignLanguage</a> and a musical performance. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s that must be processed by some device (movie reels, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhonographRecord" class="cyc_term">PhonographRecord</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DVD_Disk" class="cyc_term">DVD_Disk</a>s, etc.) are not included in this collection. An important specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HumanAccessibleIBO" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBO</a>, composed of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HumanAccessibleIBT" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBT</a>s that are also objects (i.e,. instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>). Thus the copy of _Moby Dick_, the buoy, the photograph and the flag mentioned above are also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HumanAccessibleIBO" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBO</a>s -- but not the word in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AmericanSignLanguage" class="cyc_term">AmericanSignLanguage</a>, nor the musical performance. human culture specific information bearing thing HumanAccessibleIBT A specialization (in fact the most general common specialization) of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/EntertainmentPerformance" class="cyc_term">EntertainmentPerformance</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance of this collection is a public or private performance with artistic or entertainment value (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/performedBy" class="cyc_term">performedBy</a> instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Artist_Performer" class="cyc_term">Artist_Performer</a>) that carries or conveys information. The information conveyed need not be in the form of propositional content (we are agnostic on whether non-propositional content exists). Salient examples are plays, musical performance lyrics, but specializations include the whole of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MusicalPerformance" class="cyc_term">MusicalPerformance</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DancePerformance" class="cyc_term">DancePerformance</a>, conceptual art performance, mime, etc. InformationBearingPerformance information bearing performance The IBT bearing a message to some agent that asks the individual to attend a particular event. invitation Invitation-IBT Infected-ComputerVirus The collection of things that are infected with a computer virus. This collection can include instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerFileCopy" class="cyc_term">ComputerFileCopy</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputationalSystem" class="cyc_term">ComputationalSystem</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerStorageDevice" class="cyc_term">ComputerStorageDevice</a>. To say that X is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Infected_ComputerVirus" class="cyc_term">Infected_ComputerVirus</a> is to assert that there is some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerVirusCopy" class="cyc_term">ComputerVirusCopy</a> which is one of X's parts. infected by a computer virus thing ComputerIBT computer IBT The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s instantiated on or for instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputationalSystem" class="cyc_term">ComputationalSystem</a>, whether as fixed stored data (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerDataArtifact" class="cyc_term">ComputerDataArtifact</a>), processes executing computer code (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerProcessRunning" class="cyc_term">ComputerProcessRunning</a>), or as #$SoftwareAgents. A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject" class="cyc_term">CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (or "IBO") is a physical object that can be interpreted to yield information. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> includes: (1) artifacts made solely for the purpose of conveying information (e.g., a newspaper, or a children's science video); (2) artifacts that convey information in addition to their intended function (e.g., Neolithic pottery); and (3) non-artifacts, such as a person's fingerprints or cellular DNA, which may be interpreted to yield information. See the comment on <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> on the importance of distinguishing the many specializations of this collection from the many specializations of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (information which may be instantiated in particular IBOs -- see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfAIT" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (conceptual and/or artistic creations which may be instantiated in particular IBOs -- see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfWork" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). An important specialization of this collection (which naturally includes most of the things asserted so far in the Cyc <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/KnowledgeBase" class="cyc_term">KnowledgeBase</a> to be instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>) is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HumanAccessibleIBO" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBO</a> -- objects which can be interpreted to yield information by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Person" class="cyc_term">Person</a>s. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>. ibo InformationBearingObject souvenir The collection of all souvenirs. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reminder" class="cyc_term">Reminder</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Memento TextualMaterial document A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (IBT). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is an IBT a significant part of whose informational content is both (i) encoded in some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationConvention" class="cyc_term">CommunicationConvention</a> (q.v.), usually a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Language" class="cyc_term">Language</a>, and (ii) represented or displayed in a spatial format. Examples include a copy of a newspaper printed in English using the Roman alphabet, a copy of a book printed in English using Braille, and a poster written in Chinese characters. Condition (i) excludes things like hardcopies of drawings, while condition (ii) excludes things like magnetic tapes containing recorded speech. A piece of textual material always involves one or more spatially-localized representations -- usually physical inscriptions (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterStringToken_Inscribed" class="cyc_term">CharacterStringToken_Inscribed</a>) -- of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s (q.v.). Textual materials are usually tangible objects (such as the examples given above), but are sometimes intangibles like patterns of light projecting words onto walls or screens. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/OfficialDocument" class="cyc_term">OfficialDocument</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NonPublishedText" class="cyc_term">NonPublishedText</a>. Note that, while there is considerable overlap between <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HardcopyInformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a>, these collections differ in that the latter both includes IBTs that involve no character-string representations and excludes intangibles of any sort. World Wide Web Concrete <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WorldWideWeb_Concrete" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWeb_Concrete</a> is the composite object that consists of computer file copies whose information content is accessible only from machines connected to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Internet" class="cyc_term">Internet</a> running programs that enable them to receive communications that conform to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WorldWideWebStandard" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWebStandard</a>. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WorldWideWeb_Concrete" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWeb_Concrete</a> is not a group merely of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WorldWideWebPageCopy" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWebPageCopy</a> -- some of the file copies in this group are copies of files of other sorts. WorldWideWeb-Concrete information-bearing thing InformationBearingThing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CycProgram" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArtObject" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfAIT" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfWork" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextString" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualPCW" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoundInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. QA clarifying collection type The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ClarifyingCollectionType" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/QueryAugmentationApplication" class="cyc_term">QueryAugmentationApplication</a> to resolve natural language ambiguities. QAClarifyingCollectionType information and CWs topic InformationAndCWs-Topic the union of { information-bearing things, practices } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet InformationBearingThing DevisedPracticeOrWork)) localized spatial thing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>. This is the collection of all spatial things, tangible or intangible, that can meaningfully be said to have location or position in the empirical universe. Examples of spatially-localized things include all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> things, such as trees and ships, as well as certain <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> spatial things, like the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/EarthsEquator" class="cyc_term">EarthsEquator</a>. Also included are those events that can be pinned-down to specific places (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event_Localized" class="cyc_term">Event_Localized</a>), and thus all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhysicalEvent" class="cyc_term">PhysicalEvent</a>s. Excluded from this collection are any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>s that are not localized, such as -- arguably -- purely abstract geometrical figures (e.g. a Platonic sphere). Note that a fictional or imaginary object (such as Frodo, Captain Queeg, or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HAL9000_TheComputer" class="cyc_term">HAL9000_TheComputer</a>) is typically localized with respect to the universe of the fictional/imagnary context in which it is found, and so is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing_Localized" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing_Localized</a> with respect to that context. SpatialThing-Localized information-bearing thing InformationBearingThing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CycProgram" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArtObject" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfAIT" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfWork" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextString" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualPCW" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoundInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. information-bearing thing InformationBearingThing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CycProgram" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArtObject" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfAIT" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfWork" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextString" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualPCW" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoundInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. information-bearing thing InformationBearingThing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CycProgram" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArtObject" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfAIT" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfWork" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextString" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualPCW" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoundInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. information-bearing thing InformationBearingThing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CycProgram" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArtObject" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfAIT" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfWork" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextString" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualPCW" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoundInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/wikipediaArticleURL" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in #$Wikipedia-WebSite THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL wikipediaArticleURL the union of { information-bearing things, generic agents } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet InformationBearingThing Agent-Generic)) BT <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. broaderTerm information-bearing thing InformationBearingThing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CycProgram" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArtObject" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfAIT" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfWork" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextString" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualPCW" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoundInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. TemporalStuffType type of temporally stuff-like thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/granuleOfTemporalStuff" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/granuleOfTemporalStuff" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TakingAStep" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalObjectType" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String