]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA InformationStore A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyIntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> is a tangible or intangible, concrete or abstract repository of information. The information stored in an information store is stored there as a consequence of the actions of one or more agents. Wholly intangible instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> include instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> -- namely, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, such as copies of a newspaper at a newsstand -- are only partially intangible. store of information stores of information (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet IntelligentAgent StructurallySpecificWork)) the union of The Set intelligent agent structurally specific work reminder Reminder A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyIntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StructuredInformationSource" class="cyc_term">StructuredInformationSource</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> in which bits of information are represented as related in a systematic way that is easily characterized by some type of formal structure, including spatial or architectural terms (used metaphorically). Examples include: a database organized in fields and values; a spreadsheet organized in rows and columns with entries; an organizational tree diagram with nodes and branches; a topographical map; a document written in HTML (hyper-text markup language). Negative examples include computer programs, poems, and novels. StructuredInformationSource structured information source InformationStore-Pornographic information store pornographic A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PublishedMaterial" class="cyc_term">PublishedMaterial</a> is either a conceptual work (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>) with instantiations which have been produced for distribution, or an information-bearing thing (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>) which has been produced for distribution. Note that "published" here does not mean "printed and physically distributed", since intangible information-bearing things can be published using the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WorldWideWeb_Concrete" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWeb_Concrete</a>, or broadcast on the airwaves. Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PublishedMaterial" class="cyc_term">PublishedMaterial</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Book_CW" class="cyc_term">Book_CW</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/RecordedVideoProduct" class="cyc_term">RecordedVideoProduct</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/RecordedSoundProduct" class="cyc_term">RecordedSoundProduct</a>. publication PublishedMaterial the union of { documents, written or spoken works, texts } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet TextualMaterial PropositionalConceptualWork PropositionalCWText)) the union of { information-bearing things, practices } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet InformationBearingThing DevisedPracticeOrWork)) A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyIntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SymbolicThing" class="cyc_term">SymbolicThing</a> symbolizes some thing or event or achievement, without describing it in any detail. Examples include halos (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Halo_Symbolic" class="cyc_term">Halo_Symbolic</a>), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NationalAnthem" class="cyc_term">NationalAnthem</a>s, school colors, and physical objects such as national flags which are instances of the (notable) subcollection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SymbolicObject" class="cyc_term">SymbolicObject</a>. Note that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SymbolicThing" class="cyc_term">SymbolicThing</a> can be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>s. They generally do not have propositional information (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>) contents -- rather, they are typically associated (by an informed interpreter) with particular entities. To emotional interpreters, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Person" class="cyc_term">Person</a>s, symbolic objects are often evocative of certain attitudes associated with the entities symbolized -- such as nationalism, respect, school spirit, hatred, reverence, etc. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SymbolicThing" class="cyc_term">SymbolicThing</a> differs from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Signal" class="cyc_term">Signal</a> in that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Signal" class="cyc_term">Signal</a>s are one-time-only occurrences, whereas <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SymbolicThing" class="cyc_term">SymbolicThing</a>s are open to their characteristic interpretation any time they are encountered. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/signifiesTo" class="cyc_term">signifiesTo</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/signifies" class="cyc_term">signifies</a>. symbolic representation SymbolicThing MediaProduct A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaProduct" class="cyc_term">MediaProduct</a> is an information store created for the purposes of media distribution (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">MediaTransferEvent</a>). Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaProduct" class="cyc_term">MediaProduct</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/RecordedVideoProduct" class="cyc_term">RecordedVideoProduct</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MediaSeriesProduct" class="cyc_term">MediaSeriesProduct</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WorldWideWebSite" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWebSite</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NewsArticle" class="cyc_term">NewsArticle</a>. media product The underspecified collection of ballots. Its salient specs are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Ballot_PaperCopy" class="cyc_term">Ballot_PaperCopy</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Ballot_CW" class="cyc_term">Ballot_CW</a>. ballot Ballot-Underspecified Erotica The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s whose intention is artistic and whose theme is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SexualBehavior" class="cyc_term">SexualBehavior</a>. This includes not only some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArtObject" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>s, but also some literary works, films, and dances. What some consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Erotica" class="cyc_term">Erotica</a> others may consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PornographicMaterial" class="cyc_term">PornographicMaterial</a>. erotica AspatialInformationStore A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialThing" class="cyc_term">AspatialThing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> is the collection of all information stores that have no spatial location. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractInformationStructure" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FieldOfStudy" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Although no instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> has a spatial location, some instances can have multiple spatio-temporal "embodiments". For example, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be the content of several concrete documents, such as several instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BookCopy" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInfoPropositional_IBT" class="cyc_term">containsInfoPropositional_IBT</a>); and several distinct events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain unique <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> as their content (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>). information Document A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Document" class="cyc_term">Document</a> is either an abstract or concrete document of some sort. Documents, thus broadly construed, may be textual or non-textual. Document (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType InformationStore)) the union of { specified information bearing thing types, stores of information } expression Expression-Underspecified The collection of underspecified individuals -- tangible or otherwise -- that are typically conceptualized by human beings for purposes of common-sense reasoning as "expressions" of some feature or feeling. This is a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agent_Underspecified" class="cyc_term">Agent_Underspecified</a> for the same reason that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FeelingAttribute" class="cyc_term">FeelingAttribute</a> are: An expression -- e.g., an expression of anger -- can often be said to "move" or "affect." InformationStore store of information A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyIntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> is a tangible or intangible, concrete or abstract repository of information. The information stored in an information store is stored there as a consequence of the actions of one or more agents. Wholly intangible instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> include instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> -- namely, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, such as copies of a newspaper at a newsstand -- are only partially intangible. InformationStore store of information A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyIntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> is a tangible or intangible, concrete or abstract repository of information. The information stored in an information store is stored there as a consequence of the actions of one or more agents. Wholly intangible instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> include instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> -- namely, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, such as copies of a newspaper at a newsstand -- are only partially intangible. InformationStore store of information A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyIntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> is a tangible or intangible, concrete or abstract repository of information. The information stored in an information store is stored there as a consequence of the actions of one or more agents. Wholly intangible instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> include instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> -- namely, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, such as copies of a newspaper at a newsstand -- are only partially intangible. A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyIntangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangible</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyIntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangibleIndividual</a> is an individual that has at least some intangible (i.e. immaterial) component. The instance might be partly tangible (e.g. a copy of a book) and thus be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject" class="cyc_term">CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject</a>, or it might be fully intangible (e.g. a number or an agreement) and thus be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>. partially intangible individual PartiallyIntangibleIndividual BT <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. broaderTerm InformationStore store of information A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyIntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> is a tangible or intangible, concrete or abstract repository of information. The information stored in an information store is stored there as a consequence of the actions of one or more agents. Wholly intangible instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> include instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> -- namely, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, such as copies of a newspaper at a newsstand -- are only partially intangible. TemporalStuffType type of temporally stuff-like thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/granuleOfTemporalStuff" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/granuleOfTemporalStuff" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TakingAStep" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalObjectType" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String