]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. informing Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reporting" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnnouncingSomething" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. Informing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informant told will have told has notified briefed telling relate will state declares averred will have related have asserted have tipped off notify will have claimed will relate had asserted declared have stated has claimed will notify had declared claims said asseverate will claim had related has briefed notifying will tip off claiming assert had informed will brief will aver will have tipped off have informed declaring will have said says will have asseverated asserted claimed has stated asserts will declare say tell will asseverate will have informed will have averred declaration have averred informed act of conveying information will have notified have related will inform tells has said will have briefed will tell averring had notified has asseverated will have asserted has informed relating informs inform will have stated relates notified has related avers brief notifies have briefed will have declared had asseverated has averred tip off have declared will say asserting will assert has told have said aver have asseverated declarations has tipped off notification have told notifications briefing asseverates claim states tips off has asserted have notified asseverating declare acts of conveying information asseverated had averred saying stated had told state briefs stating had stated had claimed had briefed tipped off has declared related had said tipping off have claimed had tipped off divulging An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalObjectType" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/RevealingTrueInformation" class="cyc_term">RevealingTrueInformation</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/RevealingInformation" class="cyc_term">RevealingInformation</a> in which all of the information revealed is true. RevealingTrueInformation Declaration declaration idea or advice Advising A collection of events, in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntelligentAgent" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> A tells another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntelligentAgent" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> B what A thinks B should do, especially when A knows more than B does about something. The collection of all scientific presentations. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Teaching" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Presentation" class="cyc_term">Presentation</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ScientificPresentation" class="cyc_term">ScientificPresentation</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SkilledActivityType" class="cyc_term">SkilledActivityType</a>. ScientificPresentation scientific presentation event of stating something StatingSomething <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StatingSomething" class="cyc_term">StatingSomething</a> means declaring, asserting, setting forth an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, in particular, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Statement" class="cyc_term">Statement</a>. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Statement" class="cyc_term">Statement</a> is by default propositional. explaining Explaining-CommunicationAct A specialized collection of communication acts. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Explaining_CommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">Explaining_CommunicationAct</a>, some agent explains something to some other agent(s). The information given in an act of explaining is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Explanation" class="cyc_term">Explanation</a>. The collection of all events in which a computer displays the results of the execution of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ProgramAction" class="cyc_term">ProgramAction</a>. PresentingTheResultsOfAProgramAction presenting the results of a program action A collection of specialized communications. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Endorsing_CommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">Endorsing_CommunicationAct</a>, some agent expresses a positive judgment about another agent or about a position, proposal, product, or course of action. In endorsing, the expression of approval typically is made to some third party or parties, rather than to the agent(s) responsible---though that agent needn't be excluded. endorsing communication act Endorsing-CommunicationAct promising MakingAPromise A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObligationCreatingEvent" class="cyc_term">ObligationCreatingEvent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MakingAPromise" class="cyc_term">MakingAPromise</a> is an event in which someone promises to do something, thereby creating an obligation to do that thing. (NthSubSituationTypeOfTypeFn (ReactionToSituationTypeFn (SubcollectionOfWithRelationToTypeFn Flooding eventOccursAt BasementRoom)) Informing 1) informing inform your local public health office that you have a flood the organisation will giving you advance notice of collection dates and amounts, whether you set up a Direct Debit by the telephone, Internet or completed a paper Direct Debit Instruction (NthSubSituationTypeOfTypeFn SettingUpADirectDebit Informing 2) testimony Testifying A collection of events; a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>. In each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, something provides evidence for something else. The collection of events in which a #$SoftwareAgent which is running a testing program notifies the person responsible about the results of a test. test result notification TestResultNotification IssuingAFatwa The process of issuing a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Fatwa" class="cyc_term">Fatwa</a>. issuing a fatwa A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AttemptingFn" class="cyc_term">AttemptingFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Pretending" class="cyc_term">Pretending</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a> is an event in which the performer is not telling the truth, believes that what he is saying is not true, and intends to be saying what he says to get his audience to believe what he says. Lying lying (NthSubSituationTypeOfTypeFn SettingUpADirectDebit Informing 1) informing the organization you wish to pay that you would like to set up a direct debit A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Disapproving_CommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">Disapproving_CommunicationAct</a>, an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntelligentAgent" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> communicates disapproval of something. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Disapproving_CommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">Disapproving_CommunicationAct</a> are usually accompanied by feelings of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Disapproval" class="cyc_term">Disapproval</a>. For situations in which what the agent disapproves of can be expressed in propositional form, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/disapprovedStatement" class="cyc_term">disapprovedStatement</a>. It is also worth noting that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Disapproving_CommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">Disapproving_CommunicationAct</a> differ from instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Rejecting_CommunicationAct" class="cyc_term">Rejecting_CommunicationAct</a>, in that the former are expressed judgments that a certain action or opinion is inappropriate, morally wrong, etc., while the latter involve the denial of the propositional content of some communication. Disapproving-CommunicationAct expression of disapproval answering ReplyingToAQuestion Answering a question that someone or something has posed to you. AnnouncingSomething The public statement of something believed to be factual (therefore, it is disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StoryTelling" class="cyc_term">StoryTelling</a>). It can be written or spoken, but is almost always verbal, not visual. Announcing is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>, since there are receiving agents. announcing A collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event" class="cyc_term">Event</a>. Each instance is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> and also of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CreationEvent" class="cyc_term">CreationEvent</a> in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntelligentAgent" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> creates and issues an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WrittenReportOnSituation" class="cyc_term">WrittenReportOnSituation</a> for an intended target audience. issuing a report IssuingAReportAboutASituation The collection of all events in which an instance of #$SoftwareAgent provides information to an interactive user of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerProcessRunning" class="cyc_term">ComputerProcessRunning</a>. informing program user InformingProgramUser A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SignalingPresenceAtDoor" class="cyc_term">SignalingPresenceAtDoor</a> is an event in which an agent conveys a signal (e.g. by knocking or using a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DoorSignalingDevice" class="cyc_term">DoorSignalingDevice</a>) which, by convention, is intended to inform another agent that he or she (i.e. the first agent) is at the door. (Just saying "I'm at the door!" doesn't count, as there is no real signaling involved.) signaling presence at door SignalingPresenceAtDoor (NthSubSituationTypeOfTypeFn SettingUpAStandingOrder Informing 1) informing your bank or building society that you wish to set up a standing order This is the collection of actions in which one agent attributes at least causal responsibility, and perhaps moral responsibility, for an action to an agent. This is a general collection which includes both accusations (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Accusing" class="cyc_term">Accusing</a>) and claims of responsibility (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ClaimingResponsibility" class="cyc_term">ClaimingResponsibility</a>). attributing responsibility AttributingResponsibility Lecturing lecture A collection of communication actions, a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PublicSpeaking" class="cyc_term">PublicSpeaking</a>. Each instance of this collection is an action where some primary actor(s) are mostly speaking and audience members are mostly listening. The collection of all communication acts [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>] in which a computer user provides information to a running computer process [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerProcessRunning" class="cyc_term">ComputerProcessRunning</a>]. If this was solicited information use the more specific, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ProvidingRequestedInformationToComputerProcess" class="cyc_term">ProvidingRequestedInformationToComputerProcess</a>. ProvidingInformationToComputerProcess providing information to computer process Confession confession IssuingAWrit issuing A writ An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AccomplishmentType" class="cyc_term">AccomplishmentType</a> and specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IssuingAWrit" class="cyc_term">IssuingAWrit</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LegalProceeding" class="cyc_term">LegalProceeding</a> in which a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Court_Judicial" class="cyc_term">Court_Judicial</a> issues a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Writ" class="cyc_term">Writ</a>. reassurance Reassurance (NthSubSituationTypeOfTypeFn CancellingAStandingOrder Informing 1) informing your bank or building society that you wish to cancel a particular standing order understatementing Understatement MosesReceivingTheCommandments This is the event in which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Moses" class="cyc_term">Moses</a> received <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TheTenCommandments" class="cyc_term">TheTenCommandments</a> from the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GodOfAbrahamIsaacAndJacob" class="cyc_term">GodOfAbrahamIsaacAndJacob</a>. Moses receiving the Commandments A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Education" class="cyc_term">Education</a>. Each instance of this collection is the entire series of events in which one agent becomes indoctrinated by another. Essentially, this event type requires that the latter agent instructs the former in a particular point of view, opinion, idea, belief, and so forth in order to convince him or her to accept it as true, as well the acceptance of these views by the instructed agent. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IndoctrinationGoal" class="cyc_term">IndoctrinationGoal</a>. This collection of events requires the instruction of one agent by another. Thus, for an agent to search out information on his or her own and establish beliefs in them would not be considered an instance of this collection. indoctrination Indoctrination-Script The collection of specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HumanActivity" class="cyc_term">HumanActivity</a> such that persons typically are involved in (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) at least one instance of the activity type in their lifetime. typical human activity type at least once TypicalHumanActivityType-AtLeastOnce informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reporting" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnnouncingSomething" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reporting" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnnouncingSomething" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. information and CWs topic InformationAndCWs-Topic informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reporting" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnnouncingSomething" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CollectionType" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FixedOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> is the collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (q.v.) Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalObjectType" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ExistingStuffType" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ExistingObjectType" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. first-order collection FirstOrderCollection information-bearing thing InformationBearingThing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CycProgram" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArtObject" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfAIT" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfWork" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextString" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualPCW" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoundInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reporting" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnnouncingSomething" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reporting" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnnouncingSomething" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. CommunicationAct-Single A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> is a single-source transmission of information from one sender (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a>) to one or more recipients (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/recipientOfInfo" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>). Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AccessingAnIBT" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. single communication act (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/wikipediaArticleURL" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in #$Wikipedia-WebSite THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL wikipediaArticleURL BT <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. broaderTerm informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reporting" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnnouncingSomething" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. A script type. Each instance of this collection is the complex activity performed when organizing a social dinner at a restaurant: listing invitees, gathering information about their food preferences, choosing restaurant and time of meeting etc. scheduling a social dinner at a restaurant SchedulingASocialDinnerAtRestaurant informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reporting" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnnouncingSomething" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Lying" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Reporting" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Testifying" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnnouncingSomething" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String