]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. IntangibleIndividual The collection of wholly intangible individuals, a specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a> are immaterial, and thus do not have mass, color, or other tangible qualities. Examples include mathematical objects (such as numbers, functions, and relations), attributes, time intervals, space regions, and events. Excluded are sets and collections because, although intangible, they are not individuals. Mx4rvVjj45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA intangible individual object intangible individual objects affinity Affinity HTTP request method Protocols for issuing HTTP requests, one of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HTTP_GET_RequestMethod" class="cyc_term">HTTP_GET_RequestMethod</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HTTP_POST_RequestMethod" class="cyc_term">HTTP_POST_RequestMethod</a> HTTP-RequestMethod (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet Event TimeInterval)) the union of { events, time periods } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet CalendarMilliSecond CycLSentence)) the union of The Set calendar milli second CycL sentence A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Artifact_Generic" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Artifact_Intangible" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Intangible</a> is an intangible thing intentionally created by an agent or agents. Important specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Artifact_Intangible" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Intangible</a> include #$ComputerLanguage, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agreement" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>. intangible artifact Artifact-Intangible the concept corresponding to STRIVING in SENSUS-Information1997 (MeaningInSystemFn SENSUS-Information1997 "STRIVING") computational object A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MathematicalOrComputationalThing" class="cyc_term">MathematicalOrComputationalThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputationalObject" class="cyc_term">ComputationalObject</a> is a syntactically structured form, such as a Cyc system expression, a Lisp string, a C variable name, or an equation in a particular canonical form format. ComputationalObject spatial region A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a> (qq.v.) whose instances are regions of space that exclusively act as possible locations for other spatial objects, and thus are immobile. A space region might be three-, two-, one-, or zero-dimensional; and spatial objects "occupy" such regions accordingly. Three-dimensional space regions (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceChunk" class="cyc_term">SpaceChunk</a>) can be occupied by solid objects. Two-dimensional space regions (or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Surface" class="cyc_term">Surface</a>s) can be occupied by a purely two-dimensional objects. And similarly for one-dimensional space regions (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Line" class="cyc_term">Line</a>s) and zero-dimensional space regions (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Point" class="cyc_term">Point</a>s). Another important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">SpaceRegion</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceRegion_Empirical" class="cyc_term">SpaceRegion_Empirical</a>, whose instances are pieces of the embedding space for spatio-temporal objects (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing_Localized" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing_Localized</a>). For more on spatial location and occupancy, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbsoluteLocationalPredicate" class="cyc_term">AbsoluteLocationalPredicate</a> and its instances. SpaceRegion TranscriptFilter TranscriptFilter <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TranscriptFilter" class="cyc_term">TranscriptFilter</a>s are used for filtering remote operations. Use the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/filterTerms" class="cyc_term">filterTerms</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/filterCollections" class="cyc_term">filterCollections</a> to associate other constants with a particular transcript filter. These can be added to the current filtering state of a running image using the TranscriptFilter field on the Remote Operation Filtering page. This page can be found by clicking on "Comm" and then "Edit Remote Operation Filters". All collections and terms associated with the filter will be filtered exactly as if they had been entered separately in the Collection and Term fields on the same page. presupposition vocab term The collection of CycL terms that enable a basic representation of commonsense knowledge that "pack in" or "gloss over" assumptions that, for a machine, would generally need to be made explicit. By definition, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PresuppositionVocabTerm" class="cyc_term">PresuppositionVocabTerm</a> are axiomatically related to other predicates that make all or most of the assumptions in such natural language expressions explicit. Consider, for example, the Cyc treatment of statements about evidence, which (appropriately) involves ascribing an amount of evidence that an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntelligentAgent" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> has in support of some belief (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/evidentialSupportForBelief" class="cyc_term">evidentialSupportForBelief</a>). However, in ordinary English, people who make statements about evidence generally do not make them in terms of agents or beliefs. Often, they make them in terms of an amount of evidence and some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Collection" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> (e.g., "there is plenty of evidence for Nessie," "there is no evidence of UFOs"). Obviously, representing such compacted forms of knowledge about evidence using <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/evidentialSupportForBelief" class="cyc_term">evidentialSupportForBelief</a> is problematic. Thus we need <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/evidentialSupportForPhenomena_AgentUnspecified" class="cyc_term">evidentialSupportForPhenomena_AgentUnspecified</a>, which takes an amount and a collection -- and so allows for representation of such commonly understood claims about evidence, and is understood by Cyc via axioms to the explicit, or 'longhand' CycL involving <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/evidentialSupportForBelief" class="cyc_term">evidentialSupportForBelief</a>. PresuppositionVocabTerm indivisible The collection of discrete entities without distinguishable parts, portions, entries, subsets, elements,... A couple examples are: the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/False" class="cyc_term">False</a> truth-value; any single #$MathematicalPoint. Indivisible A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SomethingExisting" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleExistingThing" class="cyc_term">IntangibleExistingThing</a> exist stably in time (unlike instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event" class="cyc_term">Event</a>), but lack any material parts (unlike instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>). Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleExistingThing" class="cyc_term">IntangibleExistingThing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DevisedPracticeOrWork" class="cyc_term">DevisedPracticeOrWork</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agreement" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>. intangible thing existing stably in time IntangibleExistingThing encrypted thing The attribute describing the security level of objects protected by encryption, most typically instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InternetCommunication" class="cyc_term">InternetCommunication</a>. Encrypted abstract individual A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractThing" class="cyc_term">AbstractThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all abstract (i.e. aspatial, atemporal) individuals. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractIndividual" class="cyc_term">AbstractIndividual</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Relation" class="cyc_term">Relation</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Tuple" class="cyc_term">Tuple</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractStructure" class="cyc_term">AbstractStructure</a>. AbstractIndividual zero dimensional ZeroDimensionalThing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThingTypeByNumberOfDimensions" class="cyc_term">SpatialThingTypeByNumberOfDimensions</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ZeroDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">ZeroDimensionalThing</a> is either a single <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Point" class="cyc_term">Point</a> (q.v.) or an arrangement of disconnected points in space. Zero-dimensional objects have no length or breadth or height, nor do they have parts. AspatialInformationStore A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialThing" class="cyc_term">AspatialThing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> is the collection of all information stores that have no spatial location. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractInformationStructure" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FieldOfStudy" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Although no instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> has a spatial location, some instances can have multiple spatio-temporal "embodiments". For example, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be the content of several concrete documents, such as several instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BookCopy" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInfoPropositional_IBT" class="cyc_term">containsInfoPropositional_IBT</a>); and several distinct events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain unique <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> as their content (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>). information the union of { time periods, situations } TemporallyExtendedThing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> that is by definition (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/rewriteOf" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a>) the union of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Situation" class="cyc_term">Situation</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TimeInterval" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a> (qq.v.); it is disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SomethingExisting" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporallyExtendedThing" class="cyc_term">TemporallyExtendedThing</a> is the collection of all things that are "extended in time", as opposed to being "wholly present at a time". For example, an event is a temporally-extended thing, as it is extended in time; it is not wholly present at any interval that is properly subsumed by its temporal extent. Similarly for a time-interval, such as a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CalendarYear" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. Conversely, a person is not a temporally-extended thing, as s/he exists at different times and is wholly present at each such time. As the above examples illustrate, it is not the case that everthing that has a temporal extent (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/temporalExtent" class="cyc_term">temporalExtent</a>) is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporallyExtendedThing" class="cyc_term">TemporallyExtendedThing</a>. SyntaxSpecificationSystem The collection of all specifications of the syntax of relational structures (often <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextString" class="cyc_term">TextString</a>s <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnimalUtterance_IBT" class="cyc_term">AnimalUtterance_IBT</a>s or whole <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Language" class="cyc_term">Language</a>s). The system may or may not be formalized with a precise test for compliance of a given structure with the specification. Most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FormalGrammarSpecification" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammarSpecification</a>s are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StringGrammar" class="cyc_term">StringGrammar</a>s, but there are also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GraphGrammar" class="cyc_term">GraphGrammar</a>s and other kinds. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SyntaxSpecificationSystem" class="cyc_term">SyntaxSpecificationSystem</a> can specify #$ComputerLanguages, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NaturalLanguage" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguage</a>s, decorative patterns, networks, document structures, plan structures, semantic networks, programs, protocols, etc. syntax specification system MathematicalObject A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MathematicalThing" class="cyc_term">MathematicalThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MathematicalObject" class="cyc_term">MathematicalObject</a> is a purely abstract mathematical thing which is also an individual (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>). Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MathematicalObject" class="cyc_term">MathematicalObject</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Quantifier" class="cyc_term">Quantifier</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/RealNumber" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Triangle" class="cyc_term">Triangle</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TruthValue" class="cyc_term">TruthValue</a>. Note that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SetOrCollection" class="cyc_term">SetOrCollection</a> are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MathematicalObject" class="cyc_term">MathematicalObject</a>, since they are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. individual mathematical object The collection of all instances of matters of discussion, debate, or public concern. issue Issue (MeaningInSystemFn SENSUS-Information1997 "INTERPERSONAL-THING") the concept corresponding to INTERPERSONAL-THING in SENSUS-Information1997 limelight Limelight the union of The Set two dimensional thing linear (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet TwoDimensionalThing OneDimensionalThing)) shadow Shadow A region of space having markedly less illumination than the area surrounding it, due to some object intervening between the light source and that region. The shape of a shadow is related systematically to the shape of the object blocking the light source. SituationSpecification <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SituationSpecification" class="cyc_term">SituationSpecification</a> is a collection of abstract individuals that are used in giving a type-level representation for the structure of the instances of some type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Situation" class="cyc_term">Situation</a>. The sub-collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SituationSpecification" class="cyc_term">SituationSpecification</a> each perform different representational tasks. For instance, the sub-collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalStageSpecification" class="cyc_term">TemporalStageSpecification</a> is used for representing temporal relations among individual situations that are themselves subsituations of the target type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Situation" class="cyc_term">Situation</a> (e.g., whether one type of sub-event always comes before another). Alternatively, the sub-collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/RoleMappingSpecification" class="cyc_term">RoleMappingSpecification</a> is used to represent relationships between the groups of actors which play roles in the situations (e.g., whether the set of actors which play one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Role" class="cyc_term">Role</a> is a subset of, equivalent to, or disjoint with the set of actors which play another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Role" class="cyc_term">Role</a>). For any particular type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Situation" class="cyc_term">Situation</a>, it will likely be associated with many instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SituationSpecification" class="cyc_term">SituationSpecification</a> and relationships will exist among those instances so as to establish arbitrarily complex relationships. The key predicates for associating types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Situation" class="cyc_term">Situation</a> with instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SituationSpecification" class="cyc_term">SituationSpecification</a> are the specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/sitTypeHasSpecification" class="cyc_term">sitTypeHasSpecification</a> (q.v.). situation specification A collection of argument entry-formats that can be specified for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Predicate" class="cyc_term">Predicate</a>s with respect to particular argument-places (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/argFormat" class="cyc_term">argFormat</a>). An argument entry-format is a kind of restriction on a predicate regarding how many things, or the range of things, that the predicate holds of with respect to a given one of its argument-places. More precisely: given any particular way of fixing the arguments in the rest of the predicate's argument-places, the entry-format tells us something about the number of different things, or the range of things, that can occupy the given argument-place such that the relation holds of those arguments. That is, supposing the given argument-place is the Nth, the entry-format tells us something about the number or range of different sequences of arguments of which the predicate holds and that differ from each other only in their Nth items. For example, the format <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SingleEntry" class="cyc_term">SingleEntry</a> (q.v.) is used to state that in every case there is at most only one such sequence, the format <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SetTheFormat" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a> (q.v.) to state that there is no particular (upper or lower) limit to the number of such sequences that applies to every case, and the format <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntervalEntry" class="cyc_term">IntervalEntry</a> (q.v.) to state that the Nth items of any two such sequences must be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ScalarInterval" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>s that "intersect" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/quantityIntersects" class="cyc_term">quantityIntersects</a>). Thus, the first argument-place of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/biologicalMother" class="cyc_term">biologicalMother</a> has the format (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/arg1Format" class="cyc_term">arg1Format</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SetTheFormat" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a>, since a given female animal might have any number (including zero) of offspring; but the second argument-place of this predicate has (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/arg2Format" class="cyc_term">arg2Format</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SingleEntry" class="cyc_term">SingleEntry</a> format, since any given animal has at most (in fact, exactly) one biological mother. And the format of the second argument-place of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/bodyTemperature" class="cyc_term">bodyTemperature</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntervalEntry" class="cyc_term">IntervalEntry</a> because, while a given creature (at a given moment in time) has a single exact (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ScalarPointValue" class="cyc_term">ScalarPointValue</a>) body temperature, we want the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/bodyTemperature" class="cyc_term">bodyTemperature</a> to be flexible enough to allow us to specify this temperature with varying degrees of precision (e.g. as "98.6 degrees Fahrenheit" or as "between 98 and 99 degrees" or as "less than 100 degrees"). See the various instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Format" class="cyc_term">Format</a> for further details. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArgFormatPredicate" class="cyc_term">ArgFormatPredicate</a>. Note that, in contrast with what <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArgTypePredicate" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>s are used for, specifying an argument entry-format for a predicate does _not_ impose any sort of necessary condition for semantic well-formedness. A violation of a legitimate entry-format constraint necessarily involves two or more statements, and at least one them must be _untrue_; but there is no implication that any of them is malformed. Cyc argument entry format Format condolence Condolence the union of { time periods, situations } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet TimeInterval Situation)) the union of { time periods, times of day } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet TimeInterval QualitativeTimeOfDay)) Extremism extremism PSP-TokUtterance-120731 PSP Tok Utterance 120731 type of object The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/properParts" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/properParts" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/genlInverse" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Automobile" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalParts" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Automobile" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Automobile" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CalendarYear" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CalendarYear" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. ObjectType IntangibleIndividual The collection of wholly intangible individuals, a specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a> are immaterial, and thus do not have mass, color, or other tangible qualities. Examples include mathematical objects (such as numbers, functions, and relations), attributes, time intervals, space regions, and events. Excluded are sets and collections because, although intangible, they are not individuals. intangible individual object top-topic Top-Topic IntangibleIndividual The collection of wholly intangible individuals, a specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a> are immaterial, and thus do not have mass, color, or other tangible qualities. Examples include mathematical objects (such as numbers, functions, and relations), attributes, time intervals, space regions, and events. Excluded are sets and collections because, although intangible, they are not individuals. intangible individual object A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyIntangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangible</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyIntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangibleIndividual</a> is an individual that has at least some intangible (i.e. immaterial) component. The instance might be partly tangible (e.g. a copy of a book) and thus be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject" class="cyc_term">CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject</a>, or it might be fully intangible (e.g. a number or an agreement) and thus be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>. partially intangible individual PartiallyIntangibleIndividual BT <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. broaderTerm IntangibleIndividual The collection of wholly intangible individuals, a specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a> are immaterial, and thus do not have mass, color, or other tangible qualities. Examples include mathematical objects (such as numbers, functions, and relations), attributes, time intervals, space regions, and events. Excluded are sets and collections because, although intangible, they are not individuals. intangible individual object IntangibleIndividual The collection of wholly intangible individuals, a specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a> are immaterial, and thus do not have mass, color, or other tangible qualities. Examples include mathematical objects (such as numbers, functions, and relations), attributes, time intervals, space regions, and events. Excluded are sets and collections because, although intangible, they are not individuals. intangible individual object prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String The collection of things that are not physical -- are not made of, or encoded in, matter. Every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Collection" class="cyc_term">Collection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> (even if its instances are tangible), and so are some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>s. Caution: do not confuse `tangibility' with `perceivability' -- humans can perceive light even though it's intangible--at least in a sense. For more on this issue, see the relevant #$cyclistNotes. intangible Intangible